We determined the effect of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS), long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V on the gut microbiota of cesarean-born infants. Infants were randomized to receive a standard formula (control), the same with scGOS/lcFOS and B. breve M-16V (synbiotic), or with scGOS/lcFOS (prebiotic) from birth until week 16, 30 subjects born vaginally were included as a reference group. Synbiotic supplementation resulted in a higher bifidobacteria proportion from day 3/5 (P < 0.0001) until week 8 (P = 0.041), a reduction of Enterobacteriaceae from day 3/5 (P = 0.002) till week 12 (P = 0.016) compared to controls. This was accompanied with a lower fecal pH and higher acetate. In the synbiotic group, B. breve M-16V was detected 6 weeks postintervention in 38.7% of the infants. This synbiotic concept supported the early modulation of Bifidobacterium in C-section born infants that was associated with the emulation of the gut physiological environment observed in vaginally delivered infants.

Compared with commonly accepted standard thresholds recommended by the World Health Organization Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, the nationwide coverage of HPV vaccination in girls is likely to be cost-effective in Thailand.

Methylation levels of HERV-K, HERV-E, and LINE-1 are decreased during OCCC multistep carcinogenesis. Moreover, HERV-K hypomethylation is a promising biomarker for predicting OCCC treatment response and prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in protecting against epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and to evaluate factors associated with the risk of EOC.Design A multicentre, case-control study.Setting Twelve hospitals located across Thailand.Population Three hundred and thirty patients with EOC ('cases') and 982 matched controls were recruited from the 12 hospitals. Cases were newly diagnosed patients with EOC, demonstrated pathologically. Controls were age-matched patients admitted to different wards in the same hospital.Methods Cases and controls were interviewed by trained interviewers using a standardised pre-tested questionnaire. The factors associated with EOC were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.Main outcome measures The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated to assess the relationship between DMPA and EOC.Results The use of DMPA was found to be associated with a 39% reduction in the risk of EOC with an OR of 0.61 and a 95% CI of 0.44-0.85 (P = 0.002). A significant risk reduction (83%) was observed when the duration of DMPA use was >3 years (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.07-0.39; P < 0.001). Other factors associated with a reduced risk of EOC were the use of combined oral contraceptive pills and breastfeeding. A factor associated with an increased risk of EOC was a family history of gynaecological cancer. ConclusionsThe results suggest that DMPA may have a protective effect against EOC. If this effect is real, then it represents an important non-contraceptive benefit of DMPA.