Our study identified specific characteristics on fetal MR imaging that can be used as predictors of the diagnosis of congenital aqueductal stenosis. Most of these findings are secondary to the obstructive nature of the resulting hydrocephalus. Common associated malformations such as rhombencephalosynapsis and dystroglycanopathies should also increase the suspicion of congenital aqueductal stenosis when present with ventriculomegaly.

Malignant epithelioid glioneuronal tumor is a rare high-grade, aggressive brain tumor that shows both glial and neuronal differentiation on histopathology but is not included in the current World Health Organization classification. The neuroimaging appearance is variable but may be secondary to the size of the mass and/or location of the tumor. In our series, all epithelioid glioneuronal tumors were encountered in the supratentorial space and included pineal, temporal, and extratemporal lobar cerebral hemisphere locations. When large, the tumors demonstrate cystic degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage, contrast enhancement, and regions of low apparent diffusion coefficient scalars consistent with patterns seen with other high-grade pediatric brain tumors. The tumors also have a propensity to spread into the meninges at presentation and for distant CSF spread on follow-up imaging.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Chronic dacryocystitis is commonly treated with dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). The aim of the study was to analyzed the clinical profile of patients suffering from distal Nasolacrimal duct (NLD) blockage and outcomes of EnDCR without stenting in patients with chronic dacryocystitis. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective observational study consisted of 50 patients who underwent EnDCR without stenting at ENT department of Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences during the period of October 2019 to September 2021, after taking IEC consent. All patients with distal NLD blockage were included in study. Pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative details were recorded as per pre-validated proforma and data was analyzed using Microsoft excel sheets.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Watery discharge from eye was most common chief complaint (76%) during presentation followed by watery discharge and swelling over medial end of eye both (20%) and swelling over medial end of one eye (4%). Most common duration of chief complaint was between 3 to 12 months. In our study, out of 50 patients, 31 cases were operated under local anesthesia and 19 were operated under general anesthesia. Out of 50 operated cases, only 3 patients had stenosis of ostium at 3-month follow-up. Overall success rate of endoscopic endonasal DCR without stenting was 94%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The success rate of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy without stenting is as high as that of external dacryocystorhinostomy and endonasal DCR with stenting without the disadvantages of either one. </p>

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Various vocal cord lesions have a significant influence on vocalization. In India and other developing countries, the prevailing lower economic status, poor general health of population, different food habits, vocal habits, smoking and drinking habits, unhealthy environment and different social customs definitely influence the incidence of various vocal cord lesions. Objective of this was study was to find out the incidence of various vocal cord lesions, factors affecting the voice and treatment.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a prospective study carried out in ENT Department from June 2018 to September 2019 at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Western Gujarat. We evaluated 48 patients who had various lesions on vocal cord. Incidence, age, gender, occupational factors, contributing factors, clinical features, histopathological findings were studied.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Vocal cord lesions were more common in males (64.58%), 21 to 40 years of age group. Change of voice (100%) was the most common presenting symptom. Vocal abuse (83.33%) was most common etiological factor. Students (27.08%) were most commonly affected. Maximum cases were of vocal cord nodules (39.58%). All vocal cord lesions (except papilloma) had good recovery with no recurrence.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Vocal cord lesions were more common in males and in 3^rdand 4^th decades of life. Change of voice was the most common presenting symptom. Vocal abuse was most common etiological factor. Students were more affected in vocal cord lesions. Vocal cord nodules were the most common lesions. Microlaryngeal surgery, voice rest and speech therapy are the mainstay of the treatment for benign lesions.</p>