Thumba oil with a higher triglyceride content can be
a promising
feed for synthesizing a fatty acid alkyl ester as an alternative to
pure diesel. The current study investigates the emission and performance
characteristics of thumba methyl ester (TME) in compression ignition
(CI) engines corresponding to variable loads and compression ratios
(CRs), respectively. TME was prepared at an optimized pressure of
5 bar by hydrodynamic cavitation. The properties of TME–diesel
blends with varied volume percentages of biodiesel, such as 5, 10,
15, 20, and 25, denoted B5, B10, B15, B20, and B25, respectively,
were compared to pure TME (100% biodiesel) and pure diesel (100%).
The B20 biodiesel blend has been observed as the optimal one based
on the lower emission composition and higher brake thermal efficiency.
For B20 fuel, injection at 23° before the top dead center (TDC)
and a CR of 18 resulted in the lowest brake specific fuel consumption
of 0.32 kg/kW h and a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 36.5%. Using
titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the pre-stage of TME manufacturing
has ultimately reduced the nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbon, and carbon
monoxide emissions. At a CR of 18 and advanced injection 23°
before TDC for a CI engine, TME derived from thumba oil has the potential
to be a viable diesel substitute.
Kuwait Oil Company initiatives for ushering in a new era of digital transformation of its assets to intelligently and optimally manage the Oil and Gas fields were successfully realized with the completion of three pilot projects entitled Kuwait Integrated Digital Fields (KwIDF). This paper discusses major achievements of the Digital Oilfield technology implemented in Burgan KwIDF project and provides an insight on the challenges in operating it.
The Burgan KwIDF pilot successfully transformed GC-1 production asset into a fully instrumented DOF comprising of digital instruments and infrastructure installed at well site and the production facility. Real-time production data is transmitted to a state of the art collaboration center that integrates data continuously with automated workflows for validation, modeling and tuning of well and facility models. Right time decision support information generated from smart visualization tools allow quick actions for production optimization, well and facility management in a collaborative work environment.
There is persistent value realization from KwIDF technology implemented in Burgan field. It has generated substantial cost savings with faster response time in restoring production and reduction in non-productive time. Driven by the digital environment asset production has sustained at target as production gain opportunities are capitalized and losses compensated quickly.
Over the period of time with experience in utilizing the DOF technology it has been observed that the technology sustainment is dependent on the technology providers to a large extent. The main components that require their continuous support are the digital instruments, proprietary software, hardware and related infrastructure. Technical expertise in each domain is necessary for ensuring continuous and smooth operations in the field, wellsite and collaboration centers. Development of an integrated team of domain experts is crucial for successfully managing the DOF operations. Change management initiatives for developing an in house user champion team is mandatory for ensuring sustainment. The important lessons learned and solutions are discussed in detail.
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