Ab initio many-electron study for the low-lying states of the alkali hydride cations in the adiabatic representation Theoretical study of the electronic state and H-elimination reactions for solvated magnesium cluster ions

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A charging model for magnification variation in the observation of a metal pattern on an insulating substrate using a scanning electron microscope is proposed. To calculate the time evolution of charging, we replace electron trajectory with current. Negative charging of the metal layer is observed and is caused by the current from the anode, which is set above the sample, to the metal layer. The origin of the current is tertiary electrons produced by backscattered electrons colliding with the anode. By controlling tertiary-electron trajectories through the application of bias voltage to the anode, the magnification variation can be reduced to almost zero.