Inexact computing is an attractive concept for digital signal processing at the submicron regime. This paper proposes 2-bit inexact adder cell and further escalate to 4-bit, and 8-bit inexact adder and error metrics have been evaluated mathematically for such adder cells. The approximated design has been proposed through the simplification of the K-Maps, which leads to a substantial reduction in the propagation delay as well as energy consumption. The proposed design has been verified through the Cadence Spectre and performance parameters (such as delay, power consumption) have been evaluated through CMOS gpdk45 nm technology. Furthermore, the proposed design has been applied to image de-noising application where the performance of the images like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NCC) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) has been analyzed through MATLAB, which offer the substantial improvement from its counterpart.

Fish are equally important as food and for trade. Fisheries is an employment and income generating industry for millions all over the world. In present times of population explosion leading to food insecurity and malnutrition; especially, protein deficiency, fish as a source of animal protein has great significance. Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate protein content in various tissues of freshwater fish viz., Clarius, Channa, Pangasius and Oreochromis available in the local fish markets of Ahmednagar city of Maharashtra, India. The protein content estimated from tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver tissue, gill tissue and brain tissue provide nutritional information and points towards the protein rich tissues present in the fish under study. Maximum value of protein content i.e., 275.86 (µg/ml) was observed in the skeletal muscle of the fish Pangasius; which point towards the nutritional value of the freshwater fish from the study area. Minimum value of protein content i.e., 82.76 (µg/ml) was observed in the gill tissue of the fish Clarias and Pangasius.

Purpose This paper aims to improve the performance of approximate multiplier in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and quality of the image. Design/methodology/approach The paper proposes an approximate circuit for 4:2 compressor, which shows a significant amount of improvement in performance metrics than that of the existing designs. This paper also reports a hybrid architecture for the Dadda multiplier, which incorporates proposed 4:2 compressor circuit as a basic building block. Findings Hybrid Dadda multiplier architecture is used in a median filter for image de-noising application and achieved 20% more PSNR than that of the best available designs. Originality/value The proposed 4:2 compressor improves the error metrics of a Hybrid Dadda multiplier.