The use of lasers in surface engineering has recently made significant progress. The hydrophobic surface is commonly studied because of the application in various fields, including vehicles, aerospace, biomedicine, etc. Since these laser methods require many combination parameters, such as laser power (P), frequency (ƒ), scan speed (ʋ) and laser beam diameter (D), the effect of the parameters must therefore be investigated to produce the hydrophobic condition. This research tries to relate the laser power with the morphological properties and contact angle of the SS316L surfaces. Samples are subjected to laser texturing with different laser power settings. The surface is then characterised by surface roughness, and the contact angle is measured according to a specific time interval. The laser power output and energy density function on the surface and contact angle were investigated in these contexts experimentally. Surface roughness was defined and validated to show that the laser parameters' effect is effective and controllable. This study shows that the laser output intensity significantly contributes to regulating surface roughness and the substrate's wetting activity. The 18W and 24W laser outputs produce a spiked surface with various peaks that cause the surface to become hydrophobic over time because of the air-trap that happens in the valley.

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The need for titanium and its alloys has led to a significant increase in commercial manufacturing, although this material’s poor tribological qualities have been a drawback. The present study was to determine the effect of laser-textured surfaces to enhance Ti6Al4V surface wear performance. The sample underwent laser texturing based on pre-set parameter values at 15 W power at a laser scanning speed of 200 mm/s with a frequency of 50 kHz. The surface morphological and topological profile of laser-textured Ti6Al4V was characterized with also the surface microhardness. A comparative appraisal of wear rate (WR) and coefficient of friction (COF) for related samples of as-received Ti6Al4V and laser-textured Ti6Al4V was performed under dry and oil sliding conditions. The results revealed that the formation of oxidation due to the frictional force and plastic displacement plays a role of abrasive to the laser-textured surface and may result in increasing the COF. The wear rate of the laser-textured surface of Ti6Al4V exhibited 88.31% improvement compared to the as-received Ti6Al4V in the dry sliding wear test. It was proved that Ti6Al4V could benefit from LST to gain effectively enhanced wear performance.

Kelulut bee is one of the stingless bee species in Malaysia, which is not dangerous to human. Honey from Kelulut bee can be used for the treatment of a variety of illness. The awareness of honey nutrition in our health makes it received high demands from the consumers. Traditionally, beekeepers did the manual inspection to check the honey-filled pots by using the straw or needle. The high demand from the consumers and the greater size of Kelulut beehive make it impractical to check manually all the honeypots which are time-consuming. The hygiene of the collected honey is also important to produce a good quality of honey. Hence, an automated honey-filled pots detection system is proposed to overcome these limitations. The proposed system will reduce the time consuming and less prone to error of the wrong estimation of honey-filled pots. MATLAB software is used to process the image of the Kelulut beehive which is challenging due to the overlapped honeypots in the image. Using the proposed algorithm, it can detect whether the pots filled with honey or not by using image processing techniques and it will analyse the image which represents the percentage amount of honey in the beehives.