Blood and the linings of blood vessels may be regarded as a fifth tissue type. The human body contains 5 × 10 9 red blood cells (RBCs) per ml, a total of 2.5 × 10 13 cells in the 5 l of blood present in the body. With an average lifetime of 125 days, human RBCs are destroyed by leukocytes in the spleen and liver. Nowadays red blood cells are extensively used to study various metabolic functions. Nanoparticles (NP) are being widely accepted for drug delivery system. This review summarizes the red blood cells, NPs and their characteristics on the basis of the RBC components along with drug delivery systems through RBCs. Further, we also discussed that how erythrocytes can be used as an efficient in vitro model for evaluating the efficacy of various nanocomposite materials.

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A large body of evidence indicates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammatory and genetic pathways. Epidemiological studies indicate that COPD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Recent research development in COPD focuses on accelerated aging and various oxidative stress biomarkers. It involves the clinical manifestation of the disease process and may also contain biochemical, immunological, physiological, morphological, and genetic aspects that add to the progressiveness of the disease. Herein, we summarize findings that highlight the role of dimensions of COPD in the investigation of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, genetic and epigenetic studies, and pharmacological and dietary antioxidant intervention.

Nanomaterial has been employed as an alternative to antibiotics, diagnostic tools and delivery of therapeutics. In particular, nanomaterial has grabbed the attention of researchers due to their antimicrobial properties due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance of several microorganisms. The present chapter highlights the antimicrobial nanomaterials with their mechanism of action along with their broad spectrum applications such as silver nanomaterial is antimicrobial in nature and is effective in drug delivery. Metallic, non-metallic and natural/ biodegradable Authors Taru Aggarwal and Ridhima Wadhwa have been equally contributed to this chapter.

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