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A study was performed to evaluate heavy metals removal from sewage sludge using lime. The processes of stabilization using alkaline chemicals operating on a simple principle of raising pH to 12 or higher, with sufficient mixing and suitable contact time to ensure that immobilization can reduce heavy metals. A 0.157 m3 tank was designed to treat Al-Rustemeyia wastewater treatment plant sludge. Characteristics of raw sludge were examined through two parameters: pH and heavy metal analysis. Different lime doses of (0- 25) g CaO/100 g sludge were mixed manually with raw sludge in a rotating drum. The samples were analyzed two hours after mixing. pH and heavy metals results were compared with EPA and National Iraqi Standard (NIS). Results showed as lime was added, the concentration of heavy metals decreases the higher the dose, the less heavy metals concentrations in the sludge. Although the concentration of heavy metals in the sludge was among the determinants according to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the results showed that 750 g of lime per 3 kg of sludge had reduced the concentration of heavy metals zinc from (662.934) mg/kg sludge to (452.998) mg/kg sludge, copper from (113.101) mg/kg sludge to (64.981) mg/kg sludge, lead from (91.215) mg/kg sludge to (53.307) mg/kg sludge, nickel from 107.257 mg/kg sludge to (50.478) mg/kg sludge, molybdenum from (13.743) mg/kg sludge to (8.724) mg/kg sludge). At the same time, the dose of 450 g lime per 3 kg of sludge had reduced the concentration of chromium from (110.577) mg/kg sludge to (0) mg/kg sludge.

An effective and competent way to deliver business and organizational mandates is via deploying Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Parts of a government’s job is to benefit their citizens, they do so by using ICT to update any services or facilities. As well as this, E-Governments aim to make citizens’ lives better in terms of society, politics, and economy. Governments move all of the administrations into “smart governments”. Unfortunately, some developing countries’ governments are unable to do such move due to several reasons. These include no interoperability of e-governments, little resources, and no management devotion. Thus, this work’s goal is to dedicate a framework of an e-government implementation for Iraq. Four main obstacles were identified for implementing e-governance in Iraq: political, technical, cultural, and legal. Examining the e-government implementation framework, opinions of 180 managers were received via an online survey. Most notably, there was no coordination between state instructions, lack of equipment’s for security, user lacking confidence, no information technology law and integrity. This study is unique and aims to develop a sufficient e-government in Iraq.

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Sewage sludge treatment and discarding is a costly and environmentally sensitive problem. Sludge production will continue to increase as new sewage treatment plants are built and environmental quality standards are becoming stricter. The processes of stabilization using alkaline chemicals operating on a simple principle of raising pH to 12 or higher, with efficient mixing time and a suitable contact time ensured that microorganisms are either inactivated or destroyed. A 0.157 m3 rotating tank was designed to treat Al-Rustemeyia wastewater treatment plant’s sludge. Characteristics of raw sludge were examined through two parameters: pH, and fecal coliform analysis. Different lime doses of (0- 25) g CaO/100 g sludge were introduced to raw sludge. Samples were mixed manually in a rotating tank. Samples were analyzed 2 hours and 24 hours after mixing by rotation. pH and fecal coliform results were compared with EPA and national Iraqi guidelines. Results showed that 120 g of quicklime per 3 kg of sludge is acceptable to meet Class B criteria and 450 g per 3 kg sludge to meet Class A criteria according to EPA’s 40 CFR Part 503.The results indicated that lime treatment to stabilize sludge could be an appropriate solution provided that soil conditions do not deteriorate.