| Agricultural and domestic use of permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, has led to intoxication of varying intensities in non target organisms including human. In present study, teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of permethrin was tested in developing chick(Gallus domesticus). Different concentrations of permethrin (0, 5, 10 and 20ppm) were prepared in sterilized distilled water. These doses were injected into eggs on 3 rd day while recovery of embryos was done on 7 th day of incubation. Disrupted embryos with microcephly, hydrocephaly, short neck, micromelia, amelia, micrognathia, agnathia, cataract, ectopiacordis, omphalocoel, axis distortion, anencephaly, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, phocomelia with reduced body weight and crown-rump length in all dose groups were obtained. Adverse histological changes appeared in the form of disrupted and malformed visceral organs, vertebral bone and spina bifida as compared to control. The findings of this study clearly indicate that permethrin is potentially toxic to developing chicks, especially the highest concentrations used in the study.

14Ladybird beetle, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is biological 15 control agent that predate the different aphid species. Both adults and larval stage of M. 16 45 Poaceae plants (7). The D. noxia, inject toxin into plants while feeding which causes failure to 3 46 unrolling and white streaking of plant leaves. Yield loss had been estimated up to 80 to 100% 47 under heavy attack of D. noxia, in wheat crop (8). The A. nerii, feeds on plants of Apocynaceae 48 and Asclepiadaceae families (9) and also had been reported on wheat and Brassica in Pakistan 49 (10). The A. nerii, is an obligate parthenogen, and a sequester of toxic chemicals (cardenolides) 50 which act as defensive mechanism against its natural enemies (11). Indeed, unjudicious pesticides 51 use increased ability of pests to survive against pesticides and residues level in crops final produce 52 ((12) (13) and these factors urge to use alternative methods (e.g. biological control) to reduce aphid 53 populations which are environmental friendly and risk free for human health. 54 Natural enemies (predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens) used to control aphids population 55 in biological control (14). Natural enemies are the basic components of insect pest supervision. 56 Practically 90% of natural pests are controlled by natural enemies (15). Ladybirds are potent 57 predators of various small herbivorous insects such as aphids (16). The Ladybird beetle, 58 Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fab.), is distributed in Pakistan, India and other south Asian countries 59 (17). The adults of M. sexmaculatus are yellow bright in color and having black zigzag lines. Some 60 preys are toxic to predators because they feed on toxic plant and ultimately affects food quality for 61 predators (18). Few studies have been done on biological aspect of M. sexmaculatus against 62 different aphid species. However, there is a need for detail study of survival and reproduction of 63 M. sexmaculatus on aphid species to evaluate suitable prey and alternate prey species. It is 64 important to know demographic aspects including stage differentiation and predation rate of 65 predators for mass rearing of predators and true implication into biological control of pests (19).66Therefore, life table was studied to know the development and reproduction of predators against 67 pests. However, age-stage two-sex life table provides more detail of biological aspects including 68 stage differentiation than traditional life tables (19). Therefore, present study used age-stage two-4 69 sex life table for complete understanding of M. sexmaculatus biological aspects against different 70 aphid species. This study will help us to improve mass rearing and use of M. sexmaculatus in 71 biological control of aphids. 72 Material and Methods 73 Rearing of Aphids 74 Four aphid species (A. nerii M. persicae, D. noxia and L. erysimi) were collected from their hosts 75 from agricultural fields (latitude 30°15'29.9"N, longitude 71°30'54.6"E) of Faculty of Agricultural 76 Sciences ...