The objective of this research is to compare the characteristic of gelatin prepared from waste fish scales. White perch, java barb, red tilapia and nile tilapia scales were cleaned and treated with 1.0 M NaOHfor 2 h at room temperature to remove fat and then treated 0.8 M acetic acid to restructure of fish scales. Gelatin from waste fish scales were exacted using heating the cleaned fish scales in the distilled water at 70 °C for 2 h. Gelatins were characterization by UV-vis spectrometer, viscometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results shown the amount of gelatin and percent transmittance of light of gelatin from white perch was more than that of other waste fish scales. The viscosities of all gelatins decreased with increasing temperature. The gelatin from java bard was more viscosity than that from other fish scales due to more amounts of aspartic and glutamic acid. The XRD intensity of gelatin from white perch scales and java barb scales had higher than that from other fish scales confirming the higher crystallinity of gelatin. The FT-IR resultsindicated the same function groupsof all gelatins. SEM results revealed the porous structure of all gelatins. The all results concluded that gelatin property of nile tilapia scales had less than that of other fish scales which could be used in different industry.

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Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films have been deposited by chemical bath deposition method (CBD) on CdTe substrates. The temperature of the deposition was varied from 40 oC to 70oC under stirring, pH of complexing agent about 10-11.5 and doping by CdCl2. The morphology was composed of small columnar crystals, characterized by SEM. The crystallographic structure contains a mixture of hexagonal and cubic structures were study by TEM. The energy gap values 2.395 eV were found calculated by reflectance spectra using UV-VIS spectrometer. This study showed the correlation of deposition temperature, grain size, energy gap and observed some properties of CdS nanocrystal in the films.

The coil-like shape carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized on stainless steel substrates using acetylene gas (C2H2) at 750oC under pressure of 4110−× bar by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The formation of catalytic nanoparticles used hydrogen (H2) as the environment gas. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shown the average coil diameter of CNTs is 0.8µm and 0.1 nm for the average coil pitch of CNTs. The Raman spectrum shown the defect of CNTs and indicate that the carbon samples were tubes.

CaO samples prepared from calcining the powdered waste shells at 1300°C for 4 h were tested the efficiency of humidity adsorption. The samples were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT–IR) to identify the characteristic of CaO after humidity adsorption test. The results indicate that duck eggshells are highest capable of humidity adsorption while hydration rate of chicken eggshells is rather equal to that of cockle shells, and lowest hydration rate was found with sample prepared from Mussel shells. Therefore, we can conclude that the waste shells are suitable to be use as humidity adsorbent for commercial in the future