In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the issue of the quality of education began to develop in several Latin American countries. In previous decades, the main points concerning the planning and development of education placed emphasis on quantitative aspects and their relation to economic and social life. The main challenges were growth, the enlarging of educational coverage, the building of schools and teacher training, paying little attention to quality aspects. In the 1970s, several Latin American countries (Chile, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Panama, etc.) included quality as a subject, but in a framework of changes in the education systems that generally turned out to be unsuccessful and not permanent.In the 1980s, in a framework of political restrictions imposed by the military dictatorships in their final stages, or of their recently recovered democracies, Latin American countries were engaged in a reflection on quality and equity.These were considered a priority, first, with regard to primary and secondary levels and more especially evaluation of student performance and later, in the university field, based on the institutional evaluation processes carried out in the US and Canada and then in Europe in the framework of the constitution of the EU. More recently, the Bologna process began to have an important influence in several Latin American countries. This process represents an important challenge, not only with regard to their objectives and aims, but also to their political and institutional methodologies and academic matters so as to carry out their higher education system reforms in a way that corresponds to those in North America and Europe. Education in MERCOSURIn the 1990s, the Asunción Treaty created MERCOSUR with Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and the Education Area was instituted. In June 1992, the Meeting of the Ministers of Education of MERCOSUR (MME) in Buenos Aires approved the first Triennial Plan for the MERCOSUR Education Area. From the outset, it was intended to make compatible the education systems and obtain the recognition of studies and the homologation of degrees in order to facilitate the mobility of students and professionals in the region and formulate flexibility proposals and accreditation.
La convergencia y la articulación de los sistemas de educación superior en América Latina, y la construcción y consolidación del Espacio Latinoamericano de Educación Superior, se plantean en este artículo como fuertes desafíos y como procesos ineludibles frente a la actual situación de fragmentación, de diversificación institucional y de disparidad en los niveles de calidad, en especial a partir de los años 90. Por todo lo expuesto, se realiza una caracterización de la situación actual y de la evolución reciente de la educación superior en América Latina, planteando los avances registrados en materia de evaluación y acreditación de la calidad, y reseñando los principales programas de convergencia desarrollados en el marco de los procesos de integración regional. Además, se analizan el Mecanismo Experimental de Acreditación de Carreras del MERCOSUR (mexa); los programas, proyectos, trabajos y estudios del iesalc de la UNESCO, de la OEI, de la riaces, de la Comisión Europea, y de las diversas redes de universidades existentes. Entre ellas se consideran Columbus, el Grupo Montevideo, el csuca, el cinda, la Red Latinoamericana de Cooperación Universitaria y la Asociación de Universidades de América Latina y del Caribe para la Integración. Finalmente, se plantean algunas propuestas para responder al desafío de consolidar el Espacio Latinoamericano de Educación Superior y su convergencia con el Espacio Europeo, en especial con el Proceso de Bolonia.
The article first considers a characterization of higher education in Latin America, the principal problems and the scenarios that have led to the inclusion of quality assessment and accreditation processes in higher education as a priority in the regional agenda. The following aspects are then developed from a comparative perspective: the main current conceptions in the region concerning quality and its assurance; current regulation of evaluation and accreditation, with a detailed description; the quality assurance organizations and a comparative approach to their institutional functions and characteristics; and the main methodological approaches to quality assessment and accreditation. For each of these topics the article gives a resumé of the regional situation with, if necessary, a description of the most representative national situations. Finally, the main trends and achievements are analyzed, along with the challenges to regional quality assurance, with a special focus on the Latin American experience.
A partir de una serie de interrogantes y desafíos que se plantean inicialmente sobre los procesos de evaluación de la calidad, se caracterizan las políticas neoliberales en materia de educación superior desarrolladas en la mayoría de los países de América Latina y sus consecuencias sobre los sistemas universitarios y su evolución. Luego se analizan diversas concepciones teórico-metodológicas sobre calidad y sobre su evaluación y acreditación. También se consideran estos procesos en perspectiva comparada, analizando los desarrollados en Estados Unidos y Canadá, en Europa y en América Latina. Finalmente se plantean críticamente las principales tendencias registradas en América Latina en cuanto a evaluación y acreditación de la calidad de la educación superior, sus logros y limitaciones y, particularmente, sus desafíos.
Esta investigación se realizó con base en un modelo analítico diseñado para evaluar las condiciones institucionales que inciden en el desarrollo de la docencia en Iberoamérica, los estudios de caso corresponden a seis universidades de: Argentina, España, México y Venezuela. Se identificaron tanto los retos comunes como las necesidades diferenciadas a los que se enfrenta el desarrollo, con calidad, de la docencia universitaria. Se concluyó que el contexto es una variable predominante que impacta el ejercicio de la función docente y que esta es la más importante actividad académica con incidencia en la calidad de la educación superior.
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