Objective: Monitor the ameliorative impact of Nigella sativa on fasting blood glucose and serum testosteronelevels in polycystic ovarian syndrome caused by letrozole in mice. Study Design: Laboratory based randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy department, Army Medical College in teamwork with National Instituteof Health. Time span is Dec 2014 Dec 2015. Methodology: Total 40 mature female BALB/c mice were chosen and distributed in four groups (ten mice in each one). Group 1 was given normal diet. Rests of three groups were treated with Letrozole at dose of 1 mg/kg body weight once daily for eight weeks. Group 3 was also given Nigella sativa seeds powder at dose of 10 g/kg body weight once daily starting at 22 day and continued up to eight weeks. Group 4 was treated with Nigella sativa oil at a dose of 4 ml/kg body weight once daily starting at 22 day and continued up to eight weeks. At termination of trial, fasting blood glucose level (FBG) was recorded by taking blood sample by glucometer from mouse lateral tail vein after 12 hours fasting. Mice with blood glucose level 250-464 mg/dl were marked hyperglycemic. Final blood sample was taken through cardiac puncture for serum testosterone evaluation. Results: Fasting blood glucose and Serum testosterone levels were raised in group 2 animals in comparison togroup 1 while they were reduced remarkably in group 3 and 4 in comparison of group 2. Conclusion: Nigella sativa seeds in both solid and liquid state leave..................

Objective of study: The objective of the study is to identify the attitudes of medical students towards the clinical importance of embryology. Methodology: The cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted at a private medical college of Sialkot, Islam Medical College from September 2019 to November 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee prior to the study. Hundred First year and 100 final year medical students of Islam Medical College, participated in the survey. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis scoring was used to assess the attitudes.  The questionnaire consisted of 20 statements. Students had to tick only those statements with which they were in full agreement. Prior to conducting the study a median score was taken out of 50 anatomy teachers, showing their opinion toward each statement. Results: The results of the study showed that the medical students do appreciate the importance of embryology in the early years and to a more extent in the clinical years. The attitude scores remained on the positive side. Female students showed better attitudes towards embryology in both years. Conclusion:  To understand the importance of embryology efforts are required by the teachers teaching anatomy, and medical educationalists, to inform medical students of the relevance of embryology in attaining clinical competence. Key words: Attitude, Clinical, Embryology, Continuous...

This study indicated that there are strong associations between the assessment scores of trained SPs and faculty for the history, physical examination, and combined history and physical examination components of second-year SPAL activity for podiatric medical students.

Objective: To observe inflammation of interstitial connective tissue space caused by Lead acetate in rat testis and ameliorative after math caused by Ficuscarica. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi together with NIH (National Institute of Health) Islamabad, from Mar to Nov 2017. Methodology: Sprague Dawley male rats, 30 in quantity were chosen and 10 animals each partited into 3 groups. Treatments were given for 8 weeks, once daily. Group A was control group. Group B was treated with dosage of 30 mg/kg of Lead acetate. Group C was given dosage of 30 mg/kg of Lead acetate as well as 80 mg/kg of Ficuscarica. Twenty four hours after the concluding dose, animals were vivisected. For histological study, testis were fixed and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin. Interstitial connective tissue space thickness was morphometrically and assessed by SPSS version 22. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant in results. Results: Interstitial space thickness was significantly increased due to inflammation (>3 times normal) in group B in comparison to groups A and C. Thickness of space was slightly increased (<2 times normal) in group C in comparison to groups A due to reduction in inflammation. Conclusion: There was increased thickness of interstitium due to inflammation, cellular congestion and lymphocytic infiltration in rat’s testis because of lead acetate but concomitant dose of Ficuscarica protects against inflammation, venous congestion of interstitial space.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of alpha blockers in successful management of lower and mid ureteral stones by ureterorenoscopy. Study Design: Comparative prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Urology, Combined Military Hospital Quetta Pakistan, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Total of 150 patients having mid and lower ureteric calculi requiring ureterorenoscopy were divided into two groups. Group A included patients without pre-treatment with alpha blocker was administered before they were subjected to ureterorenoscopy. Study group B included patients who received daily oral dose of alpha blocker, Tamsulosin 0.4 mg twice daily, for 1 week before ureterorenoscopy. Per-operative findings in both the groups were recorded. Results were analyzed by comparing the outcome between both groups in terms of ease of performing procedure, duration of procedure, complications, duration of hospital stay and need for stent placement. Results: Mean operative time was significantly shorter in group B as compared to group A, (15.9 ± 3.81 min vs. 21.9 ± 3.63 min; p≤0.001). Demographic and stone characteristics were comparable between the both groups. Success rate was 74 (98.7%), in group B as compared to 68 (90.7%) in group A, with statistically significant difference (p=0.020). Complications in group B were less frequent 1 (1.3%) vs 7 (9.3%) in group A (p-value=0.027). Conclusion: Use of alpha blockers for one week before performing ureterorenoscopy resulted in fewer complications and made the procedure easier to perform as well.