This paper describes a simplified vertical interconnection process for three‐dimensional (3D) chip stacking. The unique feature of this new process is that the conductive filling material in the through‐silicon‐vias (TSVs), the microbumps, and the interconnection materials are all fabricated in one processing stage. All of the steps can be performed with the same piece of equipment. Prototype chips with 20‐µm‐pitch vertical interconnections have been demonstrated successfully. By using this technique, 75‐µm deep high‐aspect‐ratio vias can be completely filled without voids using Ni electroplating and uniform 20‐µm‐pitch microbumps that are 4‐µm tall have been fabricated using Sn‐Cu electroplating. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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This paper presents an analysis of several in-water algorithms developed using a large number of bio-optical data collected in Korean and neighbouring ocean waters. The upward and downward light fields measured in these waters were normalized to provide remote sensing reflectance (R rs ) from which the variations in sun-induced chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) fluorescence from phytoplankton biomass were analysed and the fluorescence line height ( Flu) was measured using a baseline method. Flu measurements were related to in situ Chl-a concentrations (used as an index for quantifying the algal material) to obtain the Flu(681), Flu(688) and Flu (area) algorithms, which were compared with those from standard spectral ratios of the remote sensing reflectance, R rs (444)/R rs (554) and R rs (490)/R rs (554). Comparison revealed the correlation coefficients (r 2 ) 0.88-0.90 for the fluorescence algorithms and 0.79-0.85 for the spectral ratios algorithms. A validation analysis using a new data set illustrated the merits of these algorithms in Case II waters. Fluorescence-based algorithms tended to reproduce in situ Chl-a concentrations (from 0.1 to 82 mg m −3 ), whereas standard spectral ratios algorithms gave inconsistent estimates, probably caused by the interference of inorganic sediment and dissolved organic matter in these waters. For measurements of the sun-induced Chl-a fluorescence signal in coastal waters, this study discusses the requirements and provides the optimal channels to be adopted in the design of the new generation ocean colour sensors planned in the near future.