The data demonstrate that ketamine inhibited some of the inflammatory responses of both astrocytes and microglial cells treated with LPS without causing major change in nitric oxide release. Propofol had no effect on the production of nitric oxide or TNF-alpha from LPS-stimulated glial cells.

The indirectly sympathomimetic property of l-ephedrine may be one of the mechanisms to explain why ephedrine is preferred over alpha-adrenergic agonists as a vasopressor for treatment of intraspinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in obstetrics.

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