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Halal logistics is an innovation of delivering of Halal products or service. It is newly emerging area in the logistics industry due to Halal global dynamic business architecture. Global Halal market is indeed enormous due to tremendous growth of global Halal demand from Muslims and non-Muslim consumers. According to theory the growth of Halal industry and Halal market enhance the demand for Halal logistics. However, to date only few third-party logistics (3PL) firms are certified by Halal certification, indicating not many 3PLs involved in Halal logistics. Hence the successful implementation of Halal logistics operations is yet to be seen and the mechanism of Halal logistics competence is still in the 'black-box'. To unfold these crucial gaps, this article applies Islamic-based approach enshrined in Al-Quran and Hadith to explore the basic determinants of Halal services and Halal logistics services in particular and further identify prominence determinants of Halal logistics competence in delivery Halal products and service by Malaysian 3PL firms.

Abstract. Presented in this paper is an empirical model for long-term rain attenuation prediction and statistical prediction of site diversity gain on a slant path. Rain attenuation prediction on a slant path is derived using data collected from tropical regions, and the formula proposed is based on Gaussian distribution. The proposed rain attenuation model shows a considerable reduction in prediction error in terms of standard deviation and root-mean-square (rms) error. The site diversity prediction model is derived as a function of site separation distance, frequency of operation, elevation angle and baseline orientation angle. The novelty of the model is the inclusion of low elevation angles and a high link frequency up to 70 GHz in the model derivation. The results of comparison with Hodge, Panagopoulos and Nagaraja empirical predictions show that the proposed model provides a better performance for site separation distance and elevation angle. The overall performance of the proposed site diversity model is good, and the percentage error is within the allowable error limit approved by International Telecommunication UnionRegion (ITU-R).

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