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This research aims to examine the relationship between the influence of 4P marketing (price, product, place and promotion) and spending patterns of households, specifically housewives. The research applies statistical approach by utilizing primary data in this study. Thus, this study emphasizes 4P marketing to assess its influence toward expenditure allocation patterns among housewives. Generally, the analysis suggests that the patterns of housewives' expenses are influenced by 4P factors. The result further indicates that such factors as, promotion and place, play vital roles and give positive impacts on housewives' expenditure. Thereby, these two factors, in particular, are crucial in determining the direction of households expenditures incurred by housewives, who are responsible for their families' spending. Yet, the findings does not deny price as another contributor to spending pattern among housewives. However, the impact is not nearly as important as the effect of promotion and place on housewives' spending. There exists a positive relationship between price and housewives' spending whereby, as price increases, housewives' expenses are likely to rise, as well. In addition, a positive relationship, between price and spending patterns among housewives, affects inflation rate at micro level. Nonetheless, in this case, product is not an important factor in influencing the pattern of housewives' expenditure.

The aim of this study is to investigate empirically the factors that determine the level of automobile trade in East Asian countries by taking into account government policies as well as the role of MNEs. To do so, in this study we include dummies of import substitution industrialisation (ISI) and export orientation industrialisation (EOI) policies as well as Japanese FDI as additional explanatory variables in our augmented gravity models. We found that GDPs, distance, per capita income, FTA, government policies, language and FDI are the determinants for the development of automobile industry in each country in East Asia. In the case of auto P&C, apart from economic size, the role of government through trade policy (i.e., FTA) and industrial policies as well as the role of MNCs are the major contributors to the development both exports and imports of East Asian countries. In the case of final automobiles, the role of FTA and language seems to be unimportant. Nonetheless, the role of government policies and MNCs seem to be important.

This paper examines empirically the nature of the impact of the exchange rate on import, export and economic growth in Malaysia from 2009 until 2018. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables and also to identify the effects of exchange rates on dependent variables including imports, exports and the Gross Domestic Product (DGP) that represent the productivity of the country. This study further focuses on investigating the impact or the role of export in drive the county economic growth. In achieving these objectives, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) testing procedure is used to test the presence of unit root. In order to investigate the incidence of long run relationship between the data series, the Johansen Juselius Cointegration Vector is utilized. The Granger Causality in Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework is employed to differentiate between short run and long run causal effects in examining the led growth determinants. The result shows that there is causality between exchange rate, import, export and GDP. Moreover, this study shows that exchange rates responded positively to import and export and negatively to GDP. The result further support for export led growth hypothesis in this study. Thus, confirm for the role of export in motivating the economic growth productivity in after World Crisis regime in year 2008. However, Malaysia must not only relay on international trade to generate income for the country. This is because Malaysia is fortunate to have survived the negative effects of the global crisis; the international trade is exposed to exchange rate instability. If Malaysia wants to succeed in international trade, it may be able to focus on food and services trade. As alternative Malaysia may focuses on agriculture sector by improving the research and development and be a champion on food supply for the world.

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