In this study, hydrodistillation was used to obtain essential oils (EOs) from pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) and co-hydrodistillation (addition of fatty acid ethyl esters as extraction co-solvents) was used to obtain functional extracts (FEs). Antifungal activity of EOs and FEs was evaluated by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger. The results showed that pepper (Piper nigrum) and clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oils and their functional extracts are effective in vitro at concentrations from 400 to 500 ppm after 10 days of culturing. The essential oils and functional extracts were used on tomato fruit samples at three different concentrations: 350, 400, and 450 ppm5. Clove essential oil reduced the growth of Aspergillus niger from 50% to 70% and Fusarium oxysporum to 40%. The functional extracts (FEs) of clove and pepper, mixed with ethyl decanoate (FEs-C10), were the best combination for protecting the tomato fruit in vivo against both phytopathogenic fungi. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify eugenol as the principal compound in clove oil and limonene, sabinene, and β-caryophyllene in pepper oil.
One of the most significant challenges humanity will face is food production. In order to preserve the output, mineral fertilizers are essential. However, it's not a suitable option in the long term. Magnesium is a crucial macronutrient, but it is the most limiting element in agriculture. Nanotechnology, with the implementation of nanofertilizers, is an excellent alternative since it provides nutrients, supports growth, and improves production; this in low amounts is more sustainable than conventional fertilizers. Although there is a piece of limited information regarding the proper foliar application of this macronutrient, the study helped to validate the effect of the foliar application of Magnesium nano fertilizer on the physiological, biochemical responses and yield of bean plants. Bean plants ejotero cv. ‘Strike’ and magnesium nanoparticles were applied at doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppm. The biomass accumulation, yield, activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase, and photosynthetic pigments were evaluated. The foliar application of Mg nanoparticles at 50 ppm generated the highest amount of biomass and photosynthetic pigments. The 100 ppm dose improved pods yield and allowed the increased activity of the Nitrate Reductase enzyme. The results obtained suggest that, when increasing the dose of magnesium in plants, the amount of carotenes decreases.
Antecedentes: Dalea bicolor se desarrolla en el Desierto Chihuahuense. Es una fuente importante de forraje para el ganado y fauna silvestre y, se recomienda para biorremediación y restauración ecológica. Éste es el primer estudio sobre su aceite esencial.
Preguntas y/o hipótesis: ¿Cuánto aceite esencial produce D. bicolor al final de la floración? ¿Es la producción de aceite igual en regiones con diferentes condiciones ambientales? ¿Cuáles variables de clima y suelo influyen en la producción? ¿Qué compuestos tiene el aceite esencial?
Especie en estudio: Dalea bicolor.
Sitio de estudio y fechas: Cuatro regiones del estado de Chihuahua, en un rango latitudinal de 26° 34’ 12” N a 28° 47’ 24” N. El muestreo fue en noviembre de 2017.
Métodos: Extracción del aceite esencial por hidrodestilación. Análisis de varianza de la producción de aceite esencial entre regiones. Análisis de correlación entre la producción de aceite y variables de clima y suelo. Cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas para determinar los compuestos más probables del aceite esencial.
Resultados: La producción de aceite esencial fue diferente entre regiones, siendo significativamente mayor en Aldama con 5.18 ± 0.64 g·Kg-1 de materia seca. La producción está correlacionada positivamente con la temperatura y con la concentración de boro y zinc en el suelo. Se detectaron 17 compuestos en el aceite esencial.
Conclusiones: Altas temperaturas y suelos ricos en boro y zinc favorecen la producción de aceite esencial de D. bicolor. El principal compuesto del aceite esencial fue 3-careno, seguido por limoneno, ocimeno y ?-felandreno.
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