Pharmaceutical Grade Dextrose Monohydrate from Manihot ecsulenta, Metroxylon sagu, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, dan Triticum Starch ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical-grade dextrose monohydrate, one of raw materials used as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and additives, can be made from starch. There are five types of local Indonesian commercial starch that are potentially used, namely tapioca (Manihot esculenta), sago (Metroxylon sagu), corn (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), and wheat (Triticum) starch. This study aimed to compare these five starches as raw materials for preparing pharmaceutical-grade dextrose monohydrate which was expected to meet the requirements of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia (5th Edition) and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). The starch was converted into dextrose monohydrate through liquefaction hydrolysis, saccharification hydrolysis, activated carbon purification and filtration, ion exchange purification, evaporation, crystallization and drying.  High Performance Liquid Chromatogram (HPLC) and the Luff-Schoorl methods were used for dextrose equivalent value (DE) analysis. The results showed that only three of the starch types produced pharmaceutical-grade dextrose monohydrate, namely (DE) sago starch (107.23% and 100.77%), corn starch (97.86% and 96.19%), and tapioca starch (85.18% and 99.20%).Keywords: dextrose equivalent, dextrose monohydrate, hydrolysis, pharmaceutical grade, starchABSTRAKDekstrosa monohidrat kualitas farmasi, salah satu bahan baku yang digunakan sebagai active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dan bahan tambahan, dapat dibuat dari bahan pati-patian. Terdapat lima jenis pati komersial lokal Indonesia yang berpotensi digunakan yakni pati tapioka (Manihot esculenta), pati sagu (Metroxylon sagu), pati jagung (Zea mays), pati beras (Oryza sativa), dan pati gandum (Triticum). Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan lima jenis pati tersebut sebagai bahan baku pembuatan dekstrosa monohidrat kualitas farmasi yang diharapkan mampu memenuhi standar persyaratan dari Farmakope Indonesia Edisi V dan United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Pati diubah menjadi dekstrosa monohidrat melalui hidrolisis likuifikasi, hidrolisis sakarifikasi, pemurnian karbon aktif dan filtrasi, pemurnian ion exchange, evaporasi, kristalisasi dan pengeringan. Metode High Performance Liquid Chromatogram (HPLC) dan Luff-Schoorl digunakan untuk analisis dextrose equivalent (DE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya tiga jenis pati yang menghasilkan dekstrosa monohidrat kualitas farmasi, yakni (DE) pati sagu (107,23% dan 100,77%), pati jagung (97,86% dan 96,19%), dan pati tapioka (85,18% dan 99,20%).Kata kunci: dekstrosa monohidrat, dextrose ekuivalen, hidrolisis, kualitas farmasi, pati

The purpose of this study is to find a general description of mahfudzat book, the core or content of Islamic education contained in mahfudzat and values contained in mahfudzat based on the Islamic perspective. The methods used are library research, and qualitative type, the approach used content analysis, descriptive, inductive, normative, and literature genetic structuralism approach. The general description of mahfudzat book includes several remarks of the Prophet, Companions of the Prophet, verses of wisdom, and ulama's guidance and poets. The discussion began with a general theme of advice for teachers, various Arabic proverbs, its principles, and closed with practice exercises. The core of the book discussion consists of three chapters. The first is about education, the second is about manners, the third is about social ethics. The total number of mahfudzat in this book is ninety two proverbs. While the Islamic values education contains five aspects of education, namely aqidah (creed) education, knowledge, amaliyah (deeds), morals, and social. Applications. This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students as a reference and textbook in learning. The contribution of this study resulted in finding five values education, namely aqidah (creed) education aims to nurture human beings always to strengthen faith and purify their souls. Science education, to uphold human dignity. Amaliyah (deeds) education aims to teach human beings to behave and think positively. Moral education to guide human beings to be patient and humble and social education aims to educate human beings to establish communication among others.

Preliminary study on direct recycling of PWR spent fuel to support SUPEL (Straight Utilization of sPEnt LWR fuel in LWR system) scenario has been conducted. Several spent PWR fuel compositions in loaded PWR fuel has been evaluated to obtain the criticality of reactor. The reactor can achieve it criticality for U-235 enrichment in the loaded fresh fuel is at least 4.0 a% with the minimum fraction of the spent fuel in the core is 15.0 %. The neutron spectra become harder with the escalating of U-235 enrichment in the loaded fresh fuel as well as the amount of the spent fuel in the core.

Study on SUPEL (Straight Utilization of sPEnt LWR fuel in LWR system) scenario for PWR spent fuel direct recycling scheme has been performed. Several spent PWR fuel compositions in loaded fuel has been investigated to achive the criticality of reactor. The reactor can obtain it criticality for 4.5 a% of UO2 enrichment with at maximum 8.0 a% of spent fuel fraction in loaded fuel. The neutron spectra become harder with the raising of UO2 enrichment in the loaded fresh fuel as well as the increasing of the fraction of spent fuel in the core.