Information security refers to a means of preventing unauthorized users from access to information. Risk management usually adopts in information security to provide solutions to security challenges by minimizing risks.Risk can be minimized by administrative control and defense mechanisms. Access control can also enforce the user right access and thereby minimizing risks. Authentication is one of the techniques used in access control systems to protect unauthorized access. Many approaches for authentication have been proposed to address security challenges. These approaches have a conflict with the system usability and therefore required the modification of tradition password techniques for better solutions. Information Authentication is the common method used by security experts to verify the users' identities before getting access right into the system. Access controls are enforced for all users, irrespective of categories they belong. Traditional authentication methods [1] were enough to protect the unauthorized access right as many security breaches were reported. Therefore, advanced security methods that are based on human features required.

The search engines are mainly used to retrieve relevant information. Information retrieval researchers show that queries are the basis for providing better search engine performance. The search query is becoming a means for users to search for their needed information. Web search query is one of the common search queries that is widely used in domain areas. However, the main challenge is the absence of a clear understanding of how web search query influences the users' behavior on different web search engines. With the emergence of different types of a web search query, the understanding of user behavior on a web search query guides in improving the performance of many web search engines. Current research focused on using informational queries to search relevance information from a database while ignoring the importance of navigational queries. In this paper, we compared the informational and navigational type of a web search query that is mostly used in academic settings. Specifically, we examine the problems, solutions and techniques used in each of these types. We used a query log to conduct an experiment using BM25 mathematical model. The results indicated that the informational search query performed best because several keywords have been included to properly explain the queries. Also, language vocabularies used in informational queries contributed to better search performance. We believed that the outcomes of our comparisons will guide web search engine developers on the right search query for their web search engines.

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Due to large volumes of documents available for retrieval in a search database, an intelligent method is required to retrieve relevant search results. Query expansion is one of such methods widely used in retrieving pertinent results of various search domains. The increased amount of information stored in a search engine database requires the use of query expansion. A query expansion deals with expanding the query by adding additional information to the query for effective retrieving relevant results. Recently, many query expansion techniques have been proposed to addresses the vocabulary mismatch problem that may arise in the information retrieval system. However, these techniques still have low precision results. This paper presents a systematic review of query expansion research from 1999 to 2018. The paper reviewed and discussed 573 research papers on query expansion methods and their application areas. It focuses only on the query expansion in text retrieval of search engines. This review's primary goal is to provide a broad overview of query expansion research and view how research approaches changed. The research paper analyzed and presented the contributions of each query expansion study. It also identifies major application areas of query expansions and their future opportunities. The finding of this study indicates a trend towards using semantic-ontology and pseudo-relevant feedbacks methods. This work will be beneficial to query expansion researchers in extending future work on query expansion research.