Abstract:Descriptive studies have explored the relationship between toothbrushing with miswak stick and development of periodontal/gingival recession, but relevant periodontal/gingival recession data for the multidirectional power Miswak are lacking. The aim of this study is to descriptive the effect of brushing with either a multidirectional Miswak or manual toothbrush defect or periodontal/gingival recession on anterior/labial surface of gum at miswak user of 30-60 years old.

Rapid penetration of smartphone in students' life currently leads to the extreme influence and addiction of smartphone use in their daily activities (Alexander, 2011;Hough, 2011). Later on, it raises concern about the negative impact of smartphone use towards students' learning performance and achievement (Kibona & Mgaya, 2015). On the other hand, several studies found that smartphone is a possible learning tool that can be utilized by students to learn on their own, or autonomously (Kim & Kwon, 2012;White & Mills, 2014;Woodcock, Middleton, & Nortcliffe, 2012). Hence, the purpose of this research was to investigate whether or not the smartphone use can influence students' learning strategies in autonomous learning. Both smartphone and autonomous learning share similar principle of independence based on their traits, such as taking control in learning and individuality. The students of Islamic Economy Department that currently enrolled in English class were chosen as the sample of this research. Correlational study was applied with further regression analysis conducted on the collected data. The instruments used in this research were questionnaires and interview. The findings revealed that the use of smartphone influence students' learning strategies. Furthermore, cognitive and social/affective strategies are the strategies that were influenced the most and metacognitive strategies were influenced the least by the use of smartphone in learning English.

Research on the antioxidant activity of the local onion roots of Palu (Allium cepa Var Aggregatum L.) with various polarity solvents has been carried out. This study aims to determine the potential of Palu local shallot root extract as an antioxidant and determine the IC50 value of the Palu local shallot root antioxidant activity. The method applied in this research is maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extracts from each solvent were tested for their antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The results of the study showed that the IC50 value in n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract, and ethanol extract were 579.98 ppm, 518.28 ppm 315.83 ppm and as a comparison used ascorbic acid obtained IC50 of 53.69 ppm. Based on the results obtained, the best antioxidant activity is in polar solvents (ethanol extract) compared to other solvents. Keywords: Antioxidants, roots, Palu local shallots, Allium cepa Var Aggregatum L.

Research on the analysis of fiber and protein on cereal based on coconut pulp and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) flour has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of coconut pulp flour and skipjack tuna flour which produced the highest fiber content and protein content in cereal processed products and to know the preference level of panelists for cereal processed products. The ratio of coconut pulp and skipjack tuna flour used in this study, namely 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 (w/w), and without the addition of coconut pulp flour and skipjack tuna flour. The results showed that cereal with the highest fiber content was obtained at a ratio of 75:25 i.e. 10.52% and the lowest fiber content was obtained at the cereal without the addition of coconut pulp flour and skipjack tuna flour i.e. 1.19%, whereas the highest protein content of cereal was obtained at a ratio of 25:75 i.e. 26.02% and the lowest protein content was obtained at the cereal without the addition of coconut pulp flour and skipjack tuna flour i.e. 9.17%. The highest preference level (5.57) of the panelists for the cereal flour of coconut pulp and skipjack tuna flour is the 75:25 ratio. Keywords: Skipjack tuna flour, coconut pulp flour, cereal, fiber, protein

Red super dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus costaricensis) extract has capability to scavenge DPPH and the activity could be maintained by using maltodextrin as coating. The aims of the research are to determine ratio of red super dragon fruit peel ethanol extract toward maltodextrin producing microcapsule with the highest coating efficiency and DPPH scavenging content by microcapsule of red super dragon fruit peel extract. Microencapsulation was carried out using freeze drying technique. Comparison of red super dragon fruit peel extract and maltodextrin were 1: 8, 1: 10, 1: 12, and 1:14 (w / w). The results show that the highest efficiency ratio of coating extract of red super dragon fruit peel with maltodextrin was 1: 8 with percentage of 90,77%. Level of DPPH scavenging content of red super dragon fruit peel extract microcapsule with ratio of 1:8 on 5 minutes and 60 minutes each is 27.36% and 46.62%. Keywords: Hylocereus costaricensis, freeze drying, maltodextrin, microencapsulation