The aspect of leadership is a main criterion for employers in recruiting employees. This research is to measure the validity and reliability of the instrument for measuring leadership model. The research instrument was administered to 357 respondents (pilot study). 771 respondents were then chosen at random around Klang Valley. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to certify the basic factors produced by PCA using Comparative Fit Index value (CFI), Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) and RMSEA. The results demonstrate that the item corresponds and can be utilized to develop a leadership model for employers and Higher Education Institutions in the nation.

No abstract

Burgess’ (1917-1993) trilogy of novels, The Malayan Trilogy (1964), is probably one of the most underestimated English literary texts on the Malay World. It has been suggested that the third novel of the trilogy, Beds in the East (1959), depicts the everyday practices of the Muslim Malay characters that go against their religion, Islam, through their conversations with other Muslim Malay characters and nonMuslim characters in the novel. In this study, I utilise one of the elements under the paradigm of Malayness in literature as proposed by Ida, which is Islam. According to this concept, the paradigm of Malayness consists of everyday-defined social realities, or the six elements, the Malay language, Islam, the Malay rulers, adat/culture, ethnicity and identity. From a close textual reading of the novel, my findings show that the Malay characters in the trilogy are portrayed as wayward Muslims in their beliefs and practices. It is hoped that these findings will contribute to the on-going study on Malay Muslims, discourse and the paradigm of Malayness in literature. These findings could also be utilised by foreign students in studying the Malay culture and the Malay language.

This paper examines the approaches to travel writing in Isabella L. Bird's The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither. There are various approaches adapted by travel writers, such as nature, ideas on home, notions of space, ethnography and others. This paper studies the historical factors as well as the cultural or ethnographical factors evident in The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither. Extracts and instances in the travel writing shall be explicated to strengthen the view on the approaches in the work. The two main approaches in travel writing that shall be explained in the light of the literature are the notion of space, or discovering of places not known to the European world and representing the ethnography of the Malay Peninsula.