Background: Nicotine is metabolized to cotinine by cytochrome P450 enzyme, and this enzyme is involved in the activation of toxic and carcinogenic substances. The aim of this research was to assess the relationship between genetic polymorphism of CYP2A13 and lung cancer incidence in female passive smokers.Materials and methods: This research was a case-control study that involved 104 research subjects. Subjects were recruited through purposive sampling technique from 2 hospitals in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The case population consisted of female passive smokers with lung cancer and the control population consisted of female passive smokers without lung cancer. All research subjects underwent blood sampling for genomics DNA extraction and CYP2A13 genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Data was analyzed by conditional logistic regression by Epi Info 7.0 software.Results: Among 104 subjects, 26 (25%) individuals were heterozygous, 76 (73%) individuals were wild type, and 2 (2%) were mutant for the 257Cys allele. There was a significant correlation between CYP2A13 genotype and lung cancer incidence (p-value<0.05). Female passive smokers with CT genotype had 2.7 greater risk of developing lung cancer than those with CC genotype (wild type). The C allele had more frequency and 1.6 times higher risk of lung cancer compared to T allele with a wide confidence range (0.73–3.52).Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between CYP2A13 polymorphism and lung cancer incidence in female passive smokers.Keywords: polymorphism, CYP2A13, PCR-RFLP, female passive smoker, lung cancer

This study was aims to explore, describe, and analyze parent support for the speech delay early childhood. This study used to the qualitative method of the research subject is both parents of children who experience speech delay in Kalisari village. This study was used to three methods of data collection, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analyze used to descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the discussion that has been described it can be concluded that parent support that has been given to children who experience speech delay is informational support, assessment support, instrumental support, emotional social support, and real support. Of the five supports, the researchers concluded that the support often used by subjects was informational support, namely parents provided support through the provision of good advice and advice, giving instructions by installing pictures in the refrigerator so that the twins could understand the food taken and want to say food they took, and provided information by taking the twins for a walk to get a new vocabulary.

The gender gap that occurs in Special Capital Region of Jakarta, between men and women has an impact on aspects of employment related to labor absorption. Increasing the number of optimal employment opportunities, both in terms of productivity and efficiency, can determine the success of economic development in a region. This study was conducted to see how likely it is that women are unemployed, in relation to the employment aspect in Special Capital Region of Jakarta which is based on secondary data from BPS and analyzed with a descriptive quantitative approach. The results showed that the open unemployment rate (TPT) in Special Capital Region of Jakarta in 2019-2020 experienced a significant increase in 2020, namely 4.86% for men and 4.5% for women. Different results are shown in the variable labor force participation rate (TPAK), which tends to experience a fluctuating trend with the participation rate of men being higher than women. In general, the COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on employment, which in turn has an impact on unemployment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the unemployment rate was dominated by men, due to the high wages of men compared to women. In addition, women’s labor force participation rates are relatively low compared to men’s, causing women to have little chance of being unemployed. Female workers have higher resilience than male workers, this is due to the higher saturation of women in informal economic activities with entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial activities tend to have more resilience than formal workers because there is no risk of termination of employment from the employer.