In the United Kingdom, newborn assessment incorporates a screening eye examination for any structural abnormalities, observation of neonate's visual behaviour and direct ophthalmoscopy examination looking for red reflex. Early identification and immediate management of eye related pathologies should commence soon after birth as early diagnosis and prompt intervention may have significant impact on the prognosis for many potentially blinding but treatable disorders such as congenital cataracts and retinoblastoma. If left undetected and untreated, such problems may potentially lead to irreversible damage to the vision which persists into adulthood resulting in lack of self-confidence together with difficulties in educational attainment and job opportunities.

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Abuse has no boundaries and is prevalent across all ethnicities, race, religions, gender and social classes. Child abuse is any type of harm that is perpetrated on children, leading to substantial detrimental effects. Not only inflicting harm by the perpetrators can lead to child abuse but ignorant behaviour or deliberate inability to prevent ill treatment may equally put children at risk of long-lasting harmful effects. Children may be abused within or outside their home by known individuals such as their own family members, relatives, neighbours or a family friend. It may also take place in an institution such as a residential accommodation/hostel, school or madrasa. Comparatively, abuse by a stranger is less common. A child may be abused by an adult, gang of adults, another child or a group of children. This may take the form of physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, fabricated/induced illness, child sexual exploitation, child prostitution, child trafficking, child labour, child slavery and online abuse/harm. It is not uncommon for such children to experience more than one type of aforementioned abuse. Abuse may take the form of an isolated event or it may happen repeatedly over a period of time. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has been signed and adopted by more than 190 countries around the world. It outlines children's rights COMMENTARY

Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a condition confined to the premature retina. Hence, it is more commonly associated with extreme prematurity and low birth weight.