The aim: To investigate role of CD23, VEGF and PP13 in diagnostics of early and late preeclampsia, and their benefit for prediction of preeclampsia. Materials and methods: Investigation included 40 placentas from deliveries in women with preeclampsia (main group) and 40 placentas from physiological delivery in somatically healthy women, who had no complications during pregnancy (control group). Placentas in the main group were devided into two sub-groups (20 in each) – with early and late preeclampsia. Each group underwent both hystomorphometrical and immunohystochemical investigation with biomarkers CD23, VEGF and PP13. Results: Positive immunohystochemical reaction to PP13 was determined in all samples of syncitiotrophoblast of villi of chorion. Investigations showed that expression of PP13 in sub-groups with early and late preeclampsia was a lot lower comparing to control group (normal pregnancies). Positive immunohystochemical reaction to VEGF was determined in all samples of endothelia of the capillaries of the villi of chorion. Our investigation showed that expression of VEGF in sub-groups with early and late PE was a lot lower comparing to a control group. Immunohystochemical reaction to CD23 was comperatively lower in all samples in endothelia of the capillariesof the villi of chorion and cyncithiotrophoblast. Conclusions: Determined specialties of the expression of angiogenic factors ( PlGF, VEGF, endoglin) and production of PP13, by altered expression of VEGF, PlGF in first trimester of pregnancy, which is associated with lowest production of PP13, accompanied by placental dysfunction and preeclampsia.
The article examines the peculiarities of institutional deformations of the financial security of Ukraine. It was established that the functioning of the national economy of Ukraine in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war creates additional risks of the negative impact of macroeconomic, financial and social factors on the economic security of the country. It was determined that the main institutional threats to the financial security of Ukraine in modern conditions are the shadow economy, corruption, raiding and unproductive capital outflow. First of all, the shadow economy is considered as an economic activity that is not taken into account, not controlled and not taxed by the state, aimed at obtaining income by violating the legislation of Ukraine. In Ukraine, the shadow economy accounts for almost a third of the produced GDP, and in 2010–2022 its size varies between 28–36 %. The calculation of the integral indicator of shadowing of the economy is calculated with the help of various methods: energy (level of electricity consumption), monetary (demand and supply of cash), estimation of population expenditure / retail turnover and unprofitability of enterprises. It was established that among the factors restraining the processes of detinization of the national economy are a low level of property rights protection, an insufficient level of intellectual property protection, a low level of stock market liquidity, the protection of investors’ rights and the inability of the regulator to counter abuses of money, etc. Secondly, it was established that the anti-corruption rating for 2022 has worsened, the country received 33 points out of 100 possible in the Corruption Promotion Index. It was determined that the dynamics of this indicator is improving, but there has been a certain “stagnation” in the fight against corruption in recent years. Thirdly, it was established that raiding complicates doing business and worsens investment attractiveness, and in conditions of martial law, increases the risk of illegal seizure of other people’s property. Raiding is not only a threatening institutional deformation, but also the most acute business problem. The problems of raiding are solved by tracking registration actions that are carried out with immovable property. It has been established that unproductive capital outflow is an illegal and inefficient operation of capital withdrawal abroad. Since the beginning of 2022, the Russian-Ukrainian war has significantly affected investor confidence and caused capital outflows, which has jeopardized the country’s economic and financial stability. Key words: shadow economy, raiding, corruption, unproductive capital outflow, financial security.
FUNCTIONAL OF BASIC INSTITUTIONS IN PROVIDING INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION У статті обгрунтовано функціонал базисних інститутів економіки в забезпеченні інноваційного розвитку агропромислового виробництва. Аргументовано ключову роль базисних інститутів в реалізації інноваційного розвитку, саме вони детермінують всю сукупність інноваційних норм в єдиному механізмі інституціонального стимулювання. Встановлено, що в українських реаліях передумови досягнення інноваційних пріоритетів нівелюються відсутністю стратегічних орієнтирів інноваційного розвитку аграрної сфери та національної економіки, втраченою інституціональною спадковістю й нестабільністю формальних норм. Наявні базисні інститути не забезпечують умови для продукування і дифузії інновацій, а запровадження різних інфраструктурних елементів інноваційного спрямування не призвели в національній економіці та її аграрній сфері до позитивних зрушень. Основними імперативами стимулюючого впливу визначено сприяння зростанню інноваційної активності господарюючих структур за допомогою приватних і державних інвестицій в капітал та формування чи вдосконалення інституціонального середовища, сприятливого до ефективної дії ринкових механізмів функціонування базисних інститутів в напрямі мінімізації бар'єрів для існування сприятливого середовища, розвитку конкуренції, динамічному розвитку виробництва і обміну базових ресурсів. За результатами аналізу показників, динаміки й тенденцій глобальних індексів, які комплексно відображають дію правових норм, захист прав власності, конкурентність ринків, рівень корупції визначено ефективність базисних інститутів. Оцінка впливу
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