Today, the strategy of innovation is perhaps the most pervasive strategy for textile companies to achieve a competitive advantage while facing severe competition in the global textile market. To be successful a company must bring new products to the market which can completely satisfy customers' expectations, as well as the company's desire to increase its profitability. Because product price is an important decisive factor which influences customers' purchase behavior, and it is generally established independently as a result of pure competition, the only way to get a higher profit margin is to reduce product costs. The product costs are committed as the product goes through new product development stages and it is therefore critical for the company to manage costs in every phase of this process. The main focus of this paper is to review current cost techniques and methods which can be successfully applied during the development of new textile products. This work builds a foundation for future research in the field of cost engineering of textile products and can be used by company's executives to become familiar with current cost estimating tools.

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<p><strong>ISSUES OF ECONOMIC AVAILABILITY OF MEDICAL DRUGS IN AFRICA</strong></p><p>O. Ievtushenko, Osama Abuzayid Mohamed Nur Ahmed</p><p>National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv city</p><p> </p><p><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></p><p>Currently Africa with its highest index of diseases in the world maintains a serious dependence of imported medical drugs. Imported production comprises from 80 to 100% in some African countries, despite the fact that the incomes of population and medical support system doesn’t correspond completely with the consumption of expensive medical drugs (further MD). There is an extremely severe problem of physical and economical availability of MD  in theEastern Mediterraneancountries.</p><p> </p><p><strong>OBJECTIVE STATEMENT OF THE ARTICLE</strong></p><p>In connection with the above mentioned, the purpose of the work is the analysis of economic availability of MD in theEastern Mediterraneancountries, and also  the comparison of the received indexes with the indexes of  European countries. In the researches it has been participated such countries as Sudan, Egypt, Lebanon, Uganda and Ethiopia. To compare the received indexes of availability and their level determination it has been made the comparison of indexes among themselves and also with the indexes of the developed country of the European continent. As a standard it has been taken Germany as a country with one of the most developed pharmaceutical markets in the world and the strongest health care system, which finances medical and pharmaceutical assurance among all the EU countries.</p><p><strong>RESEARCH METHODS</strong></p><p>In this work it has been taken into account the pharma-economic  methods of analysis and methodology of the World Health Organization  (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI) «Prices determination of MD, their availability and price of components ", data obtained during this methodology examination [1, 4, 6-11]; information from regional and national sources [12]; and also the scientific publications on this topic [2,3,5]. Data concerning prices for medicines and the cost of treatment course were obtained in studying of retail prices in pharmacies of the above mentioned countries. In the total examination it has been studied the MD  which are used for the treatment of chronic diseases and which are included in the international list recommended for the continuous monitoring (study) by the World Health Organization .</p><p> </p><p><strong>RESULTS AND IT DELIBERATION </strong></p><p>According to WHO recommendations, it has been selected the basic MD for the treatment of 14 the most common diseases, which will allow to make the international research. Also it is allowable to include in this list of MD the most important for the treatment of specific diseases in certain countries. Yes, for the African countries  such drugs are the remedies for the  malaria treatment.</p><p>In the study it has been participated the generic MD sold at the lowest price. Further it has been determined the economic availability of studied MD, taking into account the ratio of the treatment cost by this drug (according to the  international treatment protocols) and the daily wage of unskilled low paid public officer in these countries.</p><p>During the determination of economic accessibility of medicines it has been used the paying capacity adequacy ratio, which includes the lowest retail price of the drug (or the treatment course price), and the average salary for a certain period of time.</p><p>The analysis shows that the availability of MD in some African countries is situated at the unsatisfactory level. Regarding the indicators of availability general perception, the lowest indicators hasSudan, the highest accessible indexes has Egypt. By comparison of the availability of MD in African countries and in Germany, for the diclofenac treatment course in Germany it is necessary to spend 0.24 of one day wages, and in Sudan - 5.3, which is higher in 22 times; for the paracetamol treatment the Sudan patients spend more in 10 times.</p><p>Thus, the availability economic analysis of basic MD confirms  thatEgyptandLebanonassist a relatively low cost of basic MD, which is close to the level of the European countries. Especially in Egypt, the major part of economic availability indicators of medical drugs corresponds to parameters of the country with the developed pharmaceutical market and a strong health care system and this is Germany. Thus, the indicators ofEgyptare almost identical with those ofGermanyat the prices of Diclofenac, Atenolol, Captopril, Glibenclamide, Ceftriaxone, Diazepam, and even lower - with  Salbutamol, Amitriptyline, the antimalarial medical drugs.</p><p>Thus, in Sudan is marked with the rather high prices and, consequently, low availability on a number of medical drugs such as Diclofenac, Paracetamol, Captopril, Simvastatin, Amitriptyline. Thus, patient inSudanneed  spend in 22 times more of money to the diclofenac treatment than patients inGermany. A treatment will paracetamol will be in10 times more expensive, treatment with captopril will be in 7 times more expensive. Comparison of availability indexes in theSudanwith the African region countries is also accompanied by a situation where the indicators availability of MD are in 3 - 10 times worse than in other countries with similar health care system. The necessity of  generic MD availability analyses, especially for the countries with the health care systems which are forming will help to make the fast and low priced  determination of the availability level of medicines for the population, the  timely reaction in case of indexes deterioration, the regulation of public policy of countries in the pricing field on MD as well as coordination of original and generic drugs use, which allow to reduce the budgetary costs of medical assistance without the quality loss.</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>1. Vyvchennya spozhyvannya likarsʹkykh zasobiv za anatomo-terapevtychno-khimichnoyu klasyfikatsiyeyu ta vstanovlenymy dobovymy dozamy (AT·S/DDD – metodolohiya): metod. rek. / A. M. Morozov, L. V. Yakovlyeva, A. V. Stepanenko ta in. – Kharkiv: Stylʹ-Yzdat. – 2013. – 34 s.</p><p>2. Hromovyk B.P. Farmatsevtychnyy marketynh: teoretychni ta prykladni zasady / B.P. Hromovyk, H.D. Hasyuk, O.R. Levytsʹka. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha, 2004. – 464 s.</p><p>3. Dovhun S. S. Otsenka stoymosty y ékonomycheskoy dostupnosty nootropnykh preparatov, naznachaemykh bolʹnym s ynsulʹtom / S.S. Dovhun // Sovremennye problemy nauky y obrazovanyya. – 2012. – № 2. – S. 33-39.</p><p>4. Dumenko T. M. Vyvchennya dostupnosti osnovnykh likarsʹkykh zasobiv v Ukrayini: rezulʹtaty spilʹnoho proektu VOZ, NAI ta MOZ Ukrayiny / T. M. Dumenko, V. D. Pariy, L. B. Yakovleva, A. B. Zimenkovsʹkyy // Farmakoekonomika v Ukrayini: stan ta perspektyvy rozvytku: materialy VI naukovo-praktychnoyi konferentsiyi (m. Kharkiv, 22 lystopada 2013 r.) / redkol.: V.P. Chernykh ta in. – Kharkiv: Vyd-vo NFaU, 2013. – S. 180-181.</p><p>5. Perehinetsʹ I. B. Dostupnistʹ osnovnykh likarsʹkykh zasobiv v Ukrayini: rezulʹtaty farmakoepidemiolohichnoho doslidzhennya (spilʹnyy proekt VOOZ, NAI ta MOZ Ukrayiny) / I. B. Perehinetsʹ, T. M. Dumenko. – Kyyiv, 23-24 zhovtnya 2013 roku. [Élektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://old.dec.gov.ua/site/file_uploads /ua/sem/7_rac_farm/4.pdf<br /> 6. Measuring medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components – 2ND edition. World Health Organization and Health Action International. – [Élektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupa:http://www.who.int/ medicines/areas/access/OMS_Medicine_prices.pdf<br /> 7. Database of medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components. [Élektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupa: <a href="http://www.haiweb.org/MedPriceDatabase/">http://www.haiweb.org/MedPriceDatabase/</a></p><p>8. Medicine prices, availability, affordability &amp; price components.Ukraine. Palliative care. [Élektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupa: http://www.haiweb.org/ medicineprices surveys/200709UAP/sdocs/EMP_Ukraine%20palliative%20Final.pdf</p><p>9. Medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components. Ukraine. Survey date: March 2012. [Élektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/surveys/201203UAE/sdocs/Summary_report_ukraine_mar2012.pdf<br /> 10. Medicine Prices, Availability, Affordability and Price Components in Sudan. Survey date: March 2012, Report date: April 2014. [Élektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/surveys/201203SD /sdocs/Sudan_report_2012_FINAL.pdf<br /> 11. Medicine Prices, Availability and Affordability in Sudan. Report of a survey conducted in February – March 2013. [Élektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices /surveys/201302SD/sdocs/Sudan_survey_report_2013.pdf<br /> 12. Salah Ibrahim Kheder. Evaluating medicines prices, availability, affordability and price components inSudan / Salah Ibrahim Kheder, Hassan Mohamed Ali // Sudan Medical Monitor. – 2014. – Vol. 9, Issue 1. – P. 19-30.</p>

О. В. СермухамедОВа, З. Б. СакипОВа, е. Н. еВтушеНкО, а. Н. куатОВа Казахский национальный медицинский университет имени С. Д. АсфендияроваТехнико-экономическое обоснование внедрения в производсТво лекарсТвенных препараТов из расТиТельного сырья Статья посвящена перспективным направлениям в инновационной сфере казахстанской фармации -созданию препаратов с использованием лекарственного растительного сырья.Целью работы явилось технико-экономическое обоснование внедрения в производство полного цикла нового фитопрепарата седативного действия.Материалы и методы. В работе использованы методы маркетинговых исследований, а так-же экономико-статистические методы анализа. Информационной базой исследования служили данные казахского государственного реестра ЛС, маркетинговых исследовательских компа-ний, законодательная база по разработке и регистрации лекарств.Результаты. Проведенный структурный анализ фармацевтического рынка Казахстана, анализ потребительских предпочтений в группе седативных препаратов показал, что препа-раты из РЛС пользуются устойчивым спросом, однако желаемые объемы продаж и шири-на ассортимента для отечественного производителя еще не достигнуты. Следующим этапом стало технико-экономическое обоснование внедрения в производство нового фитопрепарата на основе растительного сырья валерианы туркестанской и пустырника туркестанского, произ-растающих в Казахстане.Выводы. Анализ свидетельствует, что на фармацевтическом рынке Казахстана почти от-сутствуют фитопрепараты отечественного производства полного цикла, созданные в соот-ветствии с требованиями стандартов GMP и GACP. Технико-экономическое обоснование по выпуску производства полного цикла фитопрепарата «Седокапс» (капсулы) показало эконо-мическую целесообразность проекта и возврат инвестиций в течение трех лет при минималь-ных инвестициях, а в течение шести лет -при максимальных.

The marketing substantiation of the relevance of new domestic products development for topical application in dentistry Over the last few years, the market of dental services in our country is rapidly developing. Modern world technologies of dental disease treatment have influenced on the structure of the domestic pharmaceutical market-new drugs, new dosage forms have appeared, they are used not only in therapeutic dentistry, but also in periodontics, diseases of surgical profile, orthopaedic, aesthetic dentistry and orthodontics. Domestic manufacturers are always in an active innovative search, searching for new marketing opportunities. Aim. To analyze the range of dental preparations for topical application at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in order to substantiate the relevance for creating new drugs in this field. Materials and methods. The methods of content and marketing analysis were used; the studies were performed using the Compendium database and the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine. Results. The assortment of preparations for topical application in dentistry by dosage forms and composition has been analyzed. Dental gels with components of synthetic origin have been found to be in the lead. The comparative analysis of dental gels with other oral dosage forms has been conducted; the leading consumer benefits of this dosage form have been determined-good adhesion and high bioavailability. The structure of suppliers has been studied, and a high degree of import dependency has been found (73.3 %). Conclusions. The relevance of development and production of new domestic combined preparations for topical application in dentistry, in particular gels for the treatment and prevention of caries, inflammatory diseases of the periodontium, oral mucosa, as well as pathologies similar in aetiology arising from the use of dental prostheses of various designs.