The quality of irrigation by sprinklers is determined not only by the uniformity of the distribution of the rain layer over the irrigated area. If the water permeability exceeds the intensity of precipitation, then surface runoff does not occur. With an increase in soil moisture, water permeability decreases, and surface runoff increases, contributing to the washout of the fertile layer. The sprinkling machine “Kuban-LS” is installed 18…20 km west of Volgograd, located on the western slope of the Volga Upland. The soil cover has a complex character and is represented by carbonate light chestnut varieties of varying degrees of washout. The data on the effect of artificial rain created by a sprinkler machine on the soil structure and absorption rate are presented. Due to the partial destruction of agronomically valuable soil aggregates, the density of the arable layer from sowing to harvesting the grass mixture after each irrigation increased from 1.10…1.28 to 1.26…1.35 t/m3. The quality of irrigation by sprinklers is determined not only by the uniformity of rain distribution, but also by the conditions for the absorption of irrigation water into the soil. Based on these studies, we offer certain recommendations to reduce the negative impact on the soil.

There are many methods of water treatment and wastewater treatment, this includes sorption filters with different loads, the use of reagents, but mechanical cleaning filters carry a heavy load. The correct selection of equipment assumes effective water purification and high-quality irrigation of crops. The article presents the results of modernization of structural elements of a hydrocyclone to improve the efficiency of irrigation water treatment. The modernization consists in the fact that an impeller with a bearing was additionally installed on the outlet of the clarified product, which increases the centrifugal force of the swirling liquid flow, thereby increasing the efficiency of cleaning irrigation water. After the cleaning process, a chemical analysis of the irrigation water was carried out, which showed that the proposed design of a hydrocyclone with an impeller effectively reduces the concentration of impurities in the irrigation water. The amount of impurities in the purified water decreased due to, increasing the centrifugal force of the swirling fluid flow, suspended solids decreased by 3 times, turbidity by 2.5 times, color by more than 29%.

Studies of the possibility of using wastewater from poultry enterprises for irrigation of light chestnut soils using sprinkler machines have shown that wastewater needs preliminary treatment. Currently, it remains relevant to search for the most effective and cost-efficient ways to treat wastewater. We propose wastewater treatment by sedimentation on natural zeolite, after which the treated effluents can be discharged into storage ponds for further use in agriculture using sprinklers. For sewage treatment, the settling method was used, before which the particle size distribution of zeolite tuffs was selected and the size of fractions was selected using sieves. The sedimentation was carried out at regular intervals on a natural sorbent (zeolite tuffs). As a result of the study, the optimal contact time of the natural sorbent with the studied effluents was selected, which allowed to reduce the concentration of impurities present to the value below the maximum permissible one. As a result of settling for 80 minutes, there is a decrease in the concentration of chemical impurities in the studied poultry runoff to the maximum permissible concentration. Irrigation with wastewater diluted in 1: 4 with pure water increased the yield of spring wheat compared to the control option by a factor of 1.5. The absorption of organic substances by a soil layer 0.6 m thick is 80-100%. Agricultural use of wastewater diluted 6-7 times provides additional net income from the cultivation of spring wheat by 40%.

The data on the quality of water for irrigation and measures to improve the uniformity of distribution of artificial rain along the water pipeline of the sprinkler in order to increase the quality of irrigation are given. It has been established that the uniformity of irrigation is affected by the quality of water, in particular the presence of small particles and impurities in it, which clog the sprinklers, leading to the cessation of water supply to the irrigated area. Plants do not get enough moisture, resulting in lower yields. Studies on the uniformity of the distribution of the rain layer when irrigating with the Don-K sprinkler showed that after the installation of a water purification system in front of the water pipeline input, a more uniform distribution of rain was observed along the water-conducting belt of the farm. The content of undissolved impurities decreased by a factor of 10, and the irrigation rate increased by 15%.

The article presents the results of testing filter media with various natural sorbents. When studying the absorbing properties of zeolite, charcoal and gravel sand, their properties of removing heavy metals such as Zn, Ca, Cu, Fe, as well as ammonium nitrogen were studied. During experimental studies, all studied ion exchangers showed absorption properties to varying degrees. After calculating the static capacities of each of the studied sorbents, he showed that the best absorption properties are aluminosilicate (zeolite). After completing experimental studies within 48 hours, the best moisture-absorbing effect was observed with zeolite, after 12 hours of contact with poultry wastewater, it removed 64.7 percent of the total iron, and activated carbon and gravel sand only 15.4 percent. The result of research in the study of the absorption properties of heavy metals, ammonium nitrogen ions, showed that zeolite has the highest quality wastewater treatment. The removal of ions of chemical elements was more than 60 percent within 12 hours of being in the liquid phase, in contrast to charcoal and gravel sand.