Інститут розведення і генетики тварин імені М. В. Зубця Національної академії аграрних наук України вул. Погребняка, 1, с. Чубинське, Бориспільський р-н., Київської обл., 08321, Україна Вирішення будь-яких питань селекції не можливе без ведення постійного моніторингу за станом господарськи-корисних ознак у спеціалізованих породах великої рогатої худоби. Крім того, реалізація генетичного потенціалу продуктивності племінних тварин реалізується у фенотипі з кожним наступним поколінням, а відповідно і оцінка кращих генотипів є першочерговим завданням, яке ставлять перед собою вчені. У 10-ти досліджених племінних стадах зі середнім рівнем надою 10 000 кг молока встановлено рівень основних (молочна продуктивність) і додаткових (жива маса, екстер'єр, відтворення) селекційних ознакю. У дев'яти областях України зазначені стада віднесені до трьох молочних порід: української чорно-та червонорябих молочних, голштинської . Чисельність тварин, залучена для моніторингу, становить 14376 голів, де найбільшу частку (60 %) займає голштинська порода. Відбір кращих маток у селекційне ядро молочних порід не перевищує 55 % (52 % … 54 %). Встановлено, що за розподілу корів за отеленнями від 85 до 95% віднесені у групу з І-ІІІ отеленнями. Хоча середній рівень надою (10663,7 кг) і живої маси (582,3 кг) корів високий, відмічено чітку диференціацію за досліджуваними ознаками як за породами, так і за якісними групами. Так корови голштинської породи мають перевагу за надоєм, української червоно-рябої молочної -за вмістом жиру і білка в молоці, української чорно-рябої -за живою масою. Різниця за надоєм корів між середнім значенням та її селекційного ядра становить 378,8 кг. Українська червоно-ряба молочна порода має найвищий вік вибуття корів -чотири отелення, тоді як корови голштинської породи лише 2,9. Серед основних причин вибуття слід зазначити низьку про-дуктивність і відтворення, за яких зі стад вибракувано від 36,5% до 62%. Ключові слова: молочна продуктивність, жива маса, відтворення, породи, відбір.

Почукалін А.Є.-к. с.-г. н., старший науковий співробітник лабораторії селекції червоних порід, Інститут розведення і генетики тварин імені М.В. Зубця Національної академії аграрних наук України Прийма С.В.-науковий співробітник лабораторії інформаційних систем, Інститут розведення і генетики тварин імені М.В. Зубця Національної академії аграрних наук України Різун О.В.-аспірант лабораторії селекції червоно-рябих порід, Інститут розведення і генетики тварин імені М.В. Зубця Національної академії аграрних наук України

Today in Ukraine, according to the State Register of Breeding Subjects, 13 dairy cattle breeds have been registered in animal husbandry. Conventionally, they can be divided into transboundary ones, such as Ayrshire, Angler, Holstein, Simmental, Brown Swiss and Red Polish, and domestic – Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Lebedyn, Red Steppe, Ukrainian Brown Dairy, Red, Black-and-White and Red-and-White Dairy cattle. The breeding part of the dairy cattle population is 299908 breeding animals, including 129557 cows, which are concentrated in 321 breeding subjects. The share of domestic breeds is at the level of 67.9%. A tendency towards an increase in the number of animals in the population of transboundary breeds by 56724 animals was noted, with a simultaneous reduction in domestic breeds by 221980 animals. The main part of the transboundary breeds is Holstein (83%) and Simmental (11%), and in the domestic breed population, it is Ukrainian Black-and-White (71.5%) and Red-and-White (19.8%) dairy cattle. Local domestic breeds (Lebedyn, Red Steppe, Ukrainian Brown Dairy) occupy 2.8%. The level of milk yield of the studied cows of the breeding part of the population of domestic and transboundary breeds is quite high and is in the range of 7242 ... 4309 kg. During the study period, there is a gradual increase from 2002 to 2019 for the milking, fat content and the amount of milk fat in cows of a population of transboundary and domestic breeds, which is respectively 3382.1 kg 0.16%; 140.7 kg and 3052 kg 0.06%; 118.1 kg. In 2019, the highest milk yield in the population of transboundary breeds was noted among Holstein cows (8679 kg) and Brown Swiss (8789) breeds, and in domestic – Ukrainian Black-and-White (7514 kg) and Red-and-White (7005 kg) dairy breads. The fat content in milk is more than 4% in cows of local breeds of Ukraine. An analysis of the level of milk yield of cows for the studied periods showed a decrease in the number of farms with a yield of 5 thousand kg or less. So, in 2002, the share of farms breeding transboundary breeds was 70%, then in 2019 only 13%, and in domestic from 83% to 16%. The average milk yield of cows of more than 10000 kg was recorded in 17 breeding farms.

No abstract

The genealogical structure of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle has been represented by 12 tested and approved farm bloodlines, ancestors of which are Holstein bulls of red colour (Improver 333471, Hanover 1629391, Regal 352882, Nahit 300502, Inhancer 343514, Cavalier 1620273), Montbeliarde (Supreme 33470, Mayerdel 1599075, Dynamic 359742, Dairymen 1672325, Shevrey 6241) and Ayrshire (Don Juan 79601) breeds. Selection process ensures constant movement of lines and inheritance of some lines moves to historical and statistical work and is used for analysing the successful selection and the best combination, whereas, the other ones improve genetic value of economically useful traits of productivity in the next generations and, therefore, they are progressing and developing. Qualitative features of related groups by the breeding traits are a basis on which we should concentrate all the range of selection and breeding work at each stage of breed improvement because a line and a breed, in the classical sense, are inseparable concepts of a large conglomerate of a population, which has been created by many scientists and practitioners.  The aim of this work was to analyse the current state of genealogical structure of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed for the breeding stock and their belonging to breeds and lines. The materials of research for characteristics and analysis of genealogical structure of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle were breeding accounting data on the form №7-mol. In total the data for 74 breeding farms of 15 regions of Ukraine were used. Belonging to breeds, lines and data for assess by origin and progeny were determined on the basis of SUMS "Orsek", Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V. Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine. The availability of frozen semen of the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy bulls admitted to reproduce breeding stock was determined according to the annual catalogues for 2015 and 2016.2016. Modern genealogical structure of the breeding stock is formed due, in addition to Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed, Red Holstein, Jersey, Montbeliarde and Simmental breeds. The total number of females is 48,279 animals, including 24,264 cows and 24,015 heifers originating from 375 bulls. The share of Simmental bulls involved in the selection was 11% (42) with the number of 881 animals. The breeding stock from Holstein bulls (207) is 82%, whereas, the share of 101 bulls of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed is only 15%. Modern genealogical structure of the breeding stock is formed due, in addition to Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed, Red Holstein, Jersey, Montbeliarde and Simmental breeds. The total number of females is 48279 animals, including 24264 cows and 24015 heifers originating from 375 bulls. The share of Simmental bulls involved in the selection was 11% (42) with the number of 881 animals. The breeding stock from Holstein bulls (207) is 82%, whereas, the share of 101 bulls of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed is only 15%. Genealogical structure of breeding stock of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed has been represented by 15 bloodlines. The fewest (71 animals) was obtained from three bulls Magnet 1560362, Majority 1599069 and Maximus 297414. The 10%-share (4712 animals from 57 bulls) from the total number was genealogical structure of six approved farm bloodlines of the Ukrainian breed. For breeding evaluation of origin (pedigree index) 17 Holstein bulls had the average value – +27.6, including seven bulls with negative PI-595 and 10 bulls with positive PI + 463.5. For bulls of Simmental and native breeds, the indices were 6 (-122), 2 (+264), 4 (-315) and 12 (+587.8), 1 (-264) 11 (665) respectively. Discrepancy (2 of 35 investigated bulls) with the minimum requirements (30 first-calf heifers in 4 herds) concerning the evaluation of bulls by progeny makes impossible to obtain objective information about breeding value of bull. In our opinion, the factors which, can make a difference in the genealogical structure of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle are to increase the share of bloodlines of the native breed through catalogue of admitted bulls to reproduce breeding stock, which is compiled by the materials of pedigree enterprise of Ukraine. Based on materials of 2015, during the mating period 59 bulls of 15 bloodlines were involved, including 38 approved bulls which share of sperm was 84%. In 2016, the available frozen semen of bulls of the native breed decreased by 674.5 thousand doses which was 81% compared to presented one in 2015. Conclusions. Current genealogy of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle has the ramified system represented 42 Simmental bulls of 15 bloodlines, 207 Holstein bulls of 19 bloodlines, 101 native bulls of 15 bloodlines and two Jersey and Montbeliarde bulls. In modern realities of selection and breeding work, concern is widely use of Holstein sires in the reproduction of breeding stock of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy that each year minimizes the share (now about 10%) in the selection of approved bloodlines and "genetic identity of native breed". The perspective of involving bulls and with it the widespread use of the method of breeding by bloodlines in Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle is too illusory, whereas every year the availability of semen of the admitted bulls in sperm banks of Ukraine decreases (only the last year by 81%), and inability (with requirements) for the evaluation by progeny of those bulls which have already had pedigree index.