The authors prove that Bakhtin’s works are basically connected with the structural approach. The philosopher analysed this methodology, especially ideas of Saussure, Russian formalism and others. He defined both its advantages and weak sides. The authors examine the specifics of Bakhtin’s methodology which were effectively used in the creation of an original humanistic philosophy of act. In the article the causes of popularity of Bakhtin’s works in the West philosophy discourse are revealed. The authors are making an accent on Bakhtin’s criticism, which was directed against the dehumanized tendencies of structuralism. This criticism is adequately used in modern times, because it helps to establish new humanism as well as to focus on the existence of man in the world.

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The present article analyzes and outlines significant changes in ideas about the object of scientific knowledge in modern science. Special attention is paid to the transition to the paradigm of complexity, within which the object of scientific knowledge acquires a complex systemic character and remains in the same complex connections with systems of different levels. It is marked that such changes entail a number of methodological requirements, which are especially clearly manifested in modern theories of bioethics and its real practices. A special role in this case is assigned to issues of transdisciplinary approach, complementary methodology, and values of the subject of bioethical cognition. The prospects for further research are related to the possibilities of deepening the methodology of the paradigm of complexity based on the application of a transdisciplinary approach.

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