In The present study, included the collection of (100) samples from different clinical sites. Clinical samples were collected from patients who were visit and admitted All-Hilla teaching hospital at the period from November (2017) to February (2018). Cultural, biochemical and VITEK2 system were used for identification, and depending on the VITEK2 system (VITEK-2 GN Kit), revealed that twenty one (21) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were recovered, The percentage conformational identification of P. aeruginosa was performed using VITEK2 system of (21) P. aeruginosa was (99%). Nine(42.8%) samples were isolated from burns, 5(23.8%) samples from wound, 3(14.2%) from urine, 2(9.5%) from ear swab, and 1(4.7%) sample was isolated from both blood and sputum. The phenotypic detection of some virulence factors for all isolates were detected. Detection of capsule was done by using capsule staining technique was carried out for P. aeruginosa isolates; it was found that all P. aeruginosa isolates (100%) have a capsule surrounding the bacterial cell. Hemolysin production by P. aeruginosa was studied; it was found that 12(57.1%) isolates were able to produce extracellular hemolysin on blood agar. P. aeruginosa isolates were also investigated for their ability to produce siderophores. The results showed that 9(42.8%) isolates of P. aeruginosa were able to produce siderophores. Protease production by P. aeruginosa isolates was studied; it was found that all these isolates (100%) have this enzyme as appear as a zone around the colony when being grown on (M9) media after adding of (3ml) of (5%) Trichloroacetic acid and incubation for (24 hrs.). Ability of P. aeruginosa to produce lipase has been investigated; it found that all these isolates (100%) were able to produce lipase after incubation for (48 hrs.) on egg yolk agar. Also, bacterial biofilms cause chronic diseases that are difficult to control and in the present study, differentiation of bacteria as biofilm producers and non-biofilm producers was done by using (ELISA) TCP method, a total of (21) isolates were tested for their ability to produce biofilm. From these isolates, (19) isolates were form strong biofilm, (2) isolates were form moderate biofilm.

Background:  Klebsiella pneumoniae is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. K. pneumoniae isolates produce enzymes that cause the hydrolysis of penicillins and cephalosporins.These enzymes are known as broad-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). The resistance of K. pneumoniae to beta-lactamase antibiotics is usually mediated by beta-lactamase genes, and the present study aims to determine the prevalence of ESβL producing K. pneumoniae isolates with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in urine samples of pregnant women with UTI. Method:  The current study included two hundred twenty-five pregnant women as if they were suffering from urinary tract infection and were treated in the Shamiya General Hospital and the Pregnant Care Center in the Shamiya sector from October 2021 to March 2022. One hundred forty nine different types of bacteria were isolated and using diagnostic methods nineteen isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were obtained. Results:  The results revealed that 225 pregnant women were the results were positive for 149 patients with urinary tract infections, and the bacterial growth was of different types the highest rate of infection was in the age group of 21–25 years. Then, 19 positive samples of Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected using chemical and morphological methods. Penicillin resistance was 100%.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) infections are a clinical challenge; it is hard to treat due to elevated antibiotic resistance (multi-drug resistance) and elevated risk of resistance during treatment. Carbapenems and fluoroquinolones are therapeutic options for Gram-negative bacilli diseases including strains (A baumannii). New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (blaNDM-1) gene, an acquired class B carbapenemase. The distribution includes mainly bland-1 gene transfer among promiscuous plasmids and clonal infections. The genes of quinolone resistance, such as the one family, can be transmitted horizontally and lead to decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility. To investigate the prevalence of bland-1 and qnrA resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients with different infections in Al-Hillah hospitals. This cross-sectional study involved collecting 200 clinical samples from three main hospitals in the province of Babylon. Samples were inoculated for the biggest isolation in MacConkey and blood agar, followed by biochemical exams to confirm Acinetobacter.baumannii diagnosis. Using the disk diffusion technique, the susceptibility test for 14 kinds of antibacterial drugs was evaluated. Special techniques were used to extract chromosomal and plasmid DNA. Out of 40 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, there were 16 isolates (40%) positive for the bland-1 gene and 20 isolates (50%) positive for the NRA gene. In Conclusion, Multidrug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii to carbapenems (Imipenem and Meropenem) and quinolones (Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin) was carried two genes have a role in the resistance. The bla NDM-1gene is associated with the resistance to carbapenems specially IMP and MEM. The NRA-gene is associated with the resistance to quinolones especially (Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin).

500) sample collected from the study area, divided into (250) from the province of Najaf and (250) from the province of Babylon, and distributed by two models for each sample. I use the first model to estimate the level of free chloride , pH, dissolved substances college and temperature, while the use the other form of the same sample to check for the presence of bacteria in tap water in a PCR study showed a large disparity in the levels of pH, free chlorine, dissolved substances college and the temperature you two provinces were the highest percentages for the Abbasia in Najaf Ashraf and the least in the Alhaidariya in the same province study also demonstrated the existence of significant correlation between the level of free chloride each of the temperature, dissolved substances College and the pH while the highest in the region of Mahaweel in the province of Babylon, and the least in Jordan in the same area of the province and which should be mentioned to him the failure mode (PCR) in detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in tap water in the both provinces . H.pylori :-Helicobacter pylori . T D S :-Total dissolved solids . PCR :-Polymerase chain reaction .