No abstract

The article is devoted to the problems of pollution of a solid waste landfill. Heavy metals are not only pollutants, but also natural micro components of soils. Their contents are caused by the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil breed and also by the nature of soil creating processes. In our article we will estimate extent of pollution by heavy metals of the solid waste landfill “Kuchino” which is located in 7 km to the east from the Moscow. The total area of land branches is –54,5001 hectares. The analysis of the importance of polyelement pollution of soils of a zone of influence of Kuchino solid waste landfill showed that more than 50% of the surveyed points are characterized by the admissible level of total accumulation, dangerous category is noted in 8% of the tested positions, extra dangerous – in 37%. The authors proposed the construction of the system of a beam drainage on solid waste landfill is one of possible ways of decrease in negative impact of heavy metals on the environment.

ICOs are very attractive for investors and issuers. ICOs allow funding raising in exchange for cryptographically secure tokens, which are a means of paying for future projects or services. However, there is insignificant regulation of this process all over the world. Some countries have banned crypto assets; others have allowed the free use of tokens but do not give them official status. In this paper, the authors present an overview of the legal regulation of ICOs in different countries, dividing them into three groups: in the first group are the countries with developed legal norms and rules for conducting ICO, they have the subsequent circulation of tokens on their territory; in the second group are the countries that are most friendly to ICOs; the third group of countries has a wait-and-see attitude. The author connect the insufficient law regulation and risks of ICOs in different countries. The types of ICO risks are divided into three main categories: financial, technical, and analytical. The main ways to reduce these risks, depending on their types, are highlighted in this study. They are connected with the improvement of the legal regulation of the publication of a White Paper, the KYC procedure, and the involvement of escrow agents.

The aim. The article is devoted to the development of methodological approaches to the strategic management of the development of transport and logistics clusters, which take into account opportunities and barriers, especially the domestic economic environment, as well as the specifics of certain types of economic activity. Methods. The economic and mathematical model is substantiated using the Savage criterion, which gives an opportunity to choose the optimal strategy of transport and logistics cluster development in the domestic conditions of management taking into account the different expectations of business entities. Methods similar to the Wald, Bayesian and Savage criteria were used for choosing optimal strategies in decision making theory and optimization problems of the following types were solved: when the distribution of states of the environment is unknown and assumed to be the most unfavourable; when it is known empirical expected distribution of environmental conditions and that is the average expected performance level for each indicator's group; when it is known expected division of the priorities of the decision-making entity that is the average expected level of financial (organizational, etc.) support for a certain group of indicators. Results. Four types of "clean" cluster development strategies are identified and described, which can be used in various combinations by transport and logistics companies. The economic and mathematical model of the transport and logistics cluster performance is presented, which allows implementing a large number of combinations of types of cluster development strategy by taking economic, environmental, social and innovative measures, affecting different groups of performance indicators. The influence of all possible variants of the binary and ternary combination of different types of transport and logistics cluster development strategies on the cluster performance is considered. It is established that the greatest influence on the transport and logistics cluster performance is exerted by the combination of economic and innovative types of strategy. Practical significance. Given the interest of entrepreneurs in cluster forms of organization and the strengthening of cooperation with EU countries, present development promotes scientific approaches to modelling cluster development strategies in the economy of Ukraine. Relevance/originality. The developed simulation model increases the likelihood of implementing the most optimal combination of "clean" development strategies, contributes to a more accurate prediction of cluster development and as a methodological approach can be applied to various types of economic activity.

Informal employment is a factor of the quality of the human capital. The article includes a research of informal employment, which is considered to be an independent phenomenon. Earlier it was analyzed without estimating its influence on the development of the human capital. Unlike the settled points of view in the article, informal employment is estimated as the negative factor reducing the main investments into the human capital formed at the expense of social funds. Dependence of these funds on growth rates of informal employment is shown. Normalization of a situation is in a reduction of informal employment that assumes using the mechanisms of institutionalization of informal employment by means of patents and licenses for certain kinds of activity, which have to promote a reduction of a possibility of using work without the corresponding registration.