The authors affirm that typhoid ileal perforation must be treated surgically. Early presentation and diagnosis, adequate resuscitation, prompt surgery and vigorous post-operative management improved mortality rates. Clearly delays in presentation necessitating prolonged resuscitation and therefore delayed surgery affected mortality.

Patient groups who presented early had low mortality rates, but patient groups who presented late had higher mortality rates. Overall mortality was 21%.

There is need for more public health campaigns to educate communities about the harms of circumcision with the goal of eradicating the practice.

The evaluation of severity of symptoms, tracking complications, choosing effective and efficient approach to treatment, and prognosis is important in benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) patients. Measurement of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) is an easy, affordable and non-invasive marker for benign prostatic obstruction with a high diagnostic value. This study aims to undertake a descriptive review of current literature for the role of IPP in the evaluation and treatment of patients with BPE. Relevant articles written in English language were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords used for searching articles included intravesical prostatic Protrusion and Benign Prostatic Enlargement/ hyperplasia/ Obstruction; evaluation; and treatment. Papers published between January 1990 and October 2020 were extracted and evaluated. The analyzed studies showed that IPP can be assessed by various modalities and is important in the evaluation of symptom severity, tracking progression and complications of disease, choosing treatment option and prognostication. It is important that IPP be always assessed at the point of initial evaluation of BPE patients.

A prospective follow-up study of 196 women who underwent a colposuspension operation for genuine stress incontinence (GSI) at the Leicester General Hospital between June 1991 and May 1996 (inclusive) was carried out to review the outcome of surgery. The outcome was based on clinical symptomatology, demonstration of stress incontinence in the clinic and limited postoperative urodynamic studies. The clinical cure rate was 91.33%. Continence rate was reduced by age above 70 years and post-operative urinary tract infections, and not affected by previous colposuspension, or anterior colporrhaphy. On the other hand, previous colposuspension, previous pelvic floor operations and urinary tract infections caused a significantly higher incidence of voiding problems. Older women and those who have had previous bladder neck surgery need special attention in assessment, counselling and in choice of surgery. Reducing postoperative urinary tract infections might help improve the overall outcome of the operation.