Examined and summarized the types of liquid crystals. Analyzed structural characteristics of smectic, nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals. It is noted that cholesteric liquid crystals are helically twisted structure, the pitch of the helix which is temperature dependent and individual chemical properties of liquid-crystalline compounds of cholesterol. Results on the influence of temperature on rheological properties of cholesteric liquid crystals are presents.This chapter describes briefly main ideas of liquid crystals, their structure and properties. Such approach seems reasonable since it does not require searching corresponding publications.

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The long-term results of treatment were analyzed for 104 patients (72 men and 32 women) who underwent 120 minimally invasive surgical interventions for various stages of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles of the knee joint. According to the indications, 4 different types of arthroscopically assisted deep osteoperforations of the subchondral bone were used: anterograde tunneling, anterograde tunneling with penetration, transchondral tunneling and retrograde tunneling.The immediate treatment results were evaluated in all patients within 12 months after surgery; the long-term results were assessed in 98 (94.2%) individuals within 2 years and in 82 (78.8%) after 9 years. The analysis of the long-term results showed the high efficiency of the previously developed algorithm for the surgical treatment of patients with osteochondritis dissecans through the use of osteoperforations of the subchondral bone.

The article presents a current view of the etiology and pathogenesis of, adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder joint and the basic principles of conservative and surgical treatmen. Idiopathic adhesive shoulder capsulitis is a self-limiting disease with gradual improvement in symptoms, sometimes demanding surgical treatment. Currently, the role of both inflammatory and fibrotizing processes in the pathogenesis of adhesive capsulitis is generally recognized, when the inflammatory process ultimately leads to fibrotic changes. The disease is associated with diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, autoimmune diseases, and Dupuytren’s contracture. In theliterature there isno consensus on the unified treatment modality for adhesive capsulitis: conservative, operative, or combined. In a number of patients, improvement is achieved spontaneously, the recommended methods of treatment range from follow-up to invasive open capsulotomy. There is no universal treatment algorithm, so treatment should be individualized. By all accounts, conservative treatment is the first treatment of choice for adhesive capsulitis and includes physical therapy in combination with physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injection, and hydrodilation. Surgical treatment of adhesive capsulitis is indicated for patients with persistent symptoms of the disease and ineffectiveness of conservative treatment. Surgical treatment includes manipulation under anesthesia and / or shoulder capsulotomy (arthroscopic or open). Treatment of adhesive shoulder capsulitis remains an unresolved clinical problem. The existing treatment regimens are not universal and further studies with long-term outcomes are needed to develop more effective treatment modality.