The digitalization of the economy provokes the rethinking of manufacturing processes. Despite numerous publications related to Industry 4.0 as a manufacturing approach, the production of fully digital and crypto-asset products was poorly researched. Besides having a supplementary role, crypto-assets may form an entire smart city product. The authors assess the manufacturing of smart city products, fully or partially formed by crypto-assets. The initial issuance of the crypto assets was usually addressed as an Initial Coin Offer, or through the process of increasing the issuer’s capital. The authors assess the Initial Coin Offer, and address it, like manufacturing to produce products for sale. The authors classify all milestones related to the crypto-assets’ issuance, distribution, and revaluation, and assign incomes and expenses to each milestone. Additionally, the ICO-based production costs and revenues were classified according to crypto-asset types, as defined by European Economic Area legislative acts.

Contemporary life is closely interconnected with numerous phenomena, which have appeared in our life in recent decades. The concepts of a smart city, digitalization of the economy, and the sharing economy are among them. These factors create new opportunities for businesses operating in modern markets. The article considers the sharing services in digital payment operations for achieving the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of a smart city. The goal of the research is to determine the costs of sharing economy implementation in the financial sector of a smart city. The study takes the example of Rome’s experience. The authors consider KPIs selected by the municipality of Rome as a measure of smart city implementation and their provision by sharing services in financial operations. The authors specify the structure of the costs of shared financial services for a smart city and for Fintech companies operating with open banking, which is followed by the cost functions peculiar to these operations of Fintech companies. The authors demonstrate the point at which a Fintech company starts earning a positive profit on these services via operating leverage.

The relevance of the study is that, in the aspects of the development and offer of financial products are not manifested outside the digital world, then from the point of the need for analysis, the question of the possibility and necessity of applying the existing approaches of the regional economy. Тraditional regional economic theories of the 20th century can be summarized as made-here-sold-there goods. The aim of the study is to analyse the offer of electronic financial services, as part of the Digital Economy, from the point of view of the regional economy. Research methodology includes analysis and synthesis of financial market knowledge. Financial services as an example were chosen by the authors since such services are completely provided in the digital field and thus will exclude the influence of aspects of the product or service that are provided outside the digital world on the final judgments and analysis. The paper discusses models for individual cases in the regional economy, when all regions are equally distant from each other. It is determined that a modern financial product can be based on local industries located in different regions, but united by one production -the so-called ecosystem, which has been studied at the international level.

The blockchain as the tool was invented together with the Bitcoin and evolving. Despite the fact that new blockchains appeared, like Ethereum and other, the first one was not explored enough from the perspective of understanding dependencies between its elements. Mathematical and cryptographic dependencies are well described in the scientific literature, but dependencies exploration and description in relation to its economical usage of it is still missing. The blockchain structure and mechanics provide that transaction registered within the blockchain are not free for the final user. The transaction price in the Blockchain exists. This transaction price can be decisive for the implementation of a project using blockchain. Understanding factors, which affect this price forming helps to understand frames, when usage of the blockchain is effective. Taking into account all above mentioned, one of the targets of this article is to analyze the life cycle of transactions in the blockchain and determine the factors that have a significant impact on the formation of the transaction price in the Bitcoin Blockchain. From the other hand blockchain assumed as the competitor or even “killer” of the traditional payment systems. There is the list of elements, which should be taken in account comparing both approaches for the transaction execution. This list includes comparing deficits and advantages of both systems, like security issues, transaction speed issues and so on. From this perspective based on the comparing the transactional price forming in both systems, author assess the prospects for using transactions in the Blockchain in comparing with the traditional payment systems.