The purpose of the academic paper lies in identifying the practice of organizing treatment in emergency health care facilities in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the example of Poland and the Czech Republic. The qualitative content analysis of the organization of emergency medical care in the conditions of a pandemic in Poland and the Czech Republic has been used in the research. The COVID-19 Health System Response Monitor (HSRM) database and the Health Systems and Policy Monitor (HSPM) database have been used for conducting the analysis. In the course of the research, the following features of changes in the organization of treatment in emergency health care facilities in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have been revealed, namely: postponement of scheduled examinations, non-urgent treatment, gradual reduction in the number of hospitalizations, especially for planned surgical interventions; limiting the availability of medical care; prohibition of regular vacations of medical workers; redeployment of personnel in case of deterioration of the condition of patients with COVID-19 and the need for the provision of emergency medical care; daily monitoring of intensive care beds and their filling status to predict the possible need for emergency care.

Introduction. Rare-earth orthovanadate nanoparticles (ReVO4:Eu3+, Re = Gd, Y or La) are promising agents for photodynamic therapy of cancer due to their modifiable redox properties. However, their toxicity limits their application. Objective. The aim of this research was to elucidate pro-eryptotic effects of GdVO4:Eu3+ and LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles with identification of underlying mechanisms of eryptosis induction and to determine their pharmacological potential in eryptosis-related diseases. Methods. Blood samples (n=9) were incubated for 24 h with 0-10-20-40-80 mg/L GdVO4:Eu3+ or LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles, washed and used to prepare erythrocyte suspensions to analyze the cell membrane scrambling (annexin-V-FITC staining), cell shrinkage (forward scatter signaling), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) staining and intracellular Ca2+ levels via FLUO4 AM staining by flow cytometry. Internalization of europium-enabled luminescent GdVO4:Eu3+ and LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results. Both nanoparticles triggered eryptosis at concentrations of 80 mg/L. ROS-mediated mechanisms were not involved in rare-earth orthovanadate nanoparticles-induced eryptosis. Elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations were revealed even at subtoxic concentrations of nanoparticles. LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles increased intracellular calcium levels in a more pronounced way compared with GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles. Our data disclose that the small-sized (15 nm) GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles were internalized after a 24 h incubation, while the large-sized (~30 nm) LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles were localized preferentially around erythrocytes. Conclusions. Both internalized GdVO4:Eu3+ and non-internalized LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles (80 mg / L) promote eryptosis of erythrocytes after a 24 h exposure in vitro via Ca2+ signaling without involvement of oxidative stress. Eryptosis is a promising model for assessing nanotoxicity.

ejaculation and erectile dysfunction, which allowed us to choose the optimal type of surgical treatment.

Traditionally, the incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) increases with the age of a man, evolutionarily protecting him from passing on old, defective genes to his offspring by limiting his participation in sexual activity. Nevertheless, in the modern world, only 1 % of sexual contacts are carried out for the purpose of reproduction, the rest – with a recreational and social purpose. In addition, there has been an increasing number of cases of ED in young men lately. The problem of treating ED in young patients (up to 45 years old) requires an etiological approach. The objective: to determine the effectiveness of etiological non-surgical (treatment of prostatitis, psychotherapy) or minimally invasive (Marmara operation, veno-occlusive surgery, PRP-therapy) treatment of young men with ED. Materials and methods. On the basis of the Kharkiv Regional Medical Clinical Center for Urology and Nephrology named after V.I. Shapoval and on the basis of the P. Mogila Black Sea National University (Nikolaev) during 2014–2020. a comprehensive examination and treatment of 563 patients was carried out, which were divided into three supergroups (A, B and C) according to the prevailing factor: 156 patients with venoocclusive erectile dysfunction – supergroup A, 353 patients with chronic prostatitis – supergroup B and 54 patients with predominant psychoneurological disorders and the absence of organic pathology - supergroup C. Results. The effectiveness of surgical treatment in supergroup A according to subjective data after 2 months was almost equal in groups and subgroups, but after 18 months it was significantly higher in subgroups 1b and 2b (65.4 % and 83.7 %) according to ICEF results, and according to objective data after 18 months – 73.4 % and 91.4 %, respectively. After 1 and 7 months, the effectiveness of treatment in supergroup B was determined by the indices of satisfaction with sexual intercourse on the IIEF scale, the number of patients satisfied with the results of treatment, the absence of prostatic complaints and the eradication of infectious agents. Convincing results were obtained when assessing the quality of life of patients in supergroup C. Conclusion. Chronic prostatitis is the most common cause of erectile dysfunction ED in young men. Three-week antibacterial etiological treatment demonstrates the highest rates of infection eradication and ICEF recovery in patients with prostatitis. Operation Marmara reduces venous hyperemia of the prostate, lowers the IPSS score, and improves erectile function in patients with comorbid pathology. The use of an etiological approach allows to improve the sexual function of young patients, returning them to a normal sexual life, creating an alternative to falloprosthetics.

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