The article deals with the study of the anti-doping experience of Ukraine and European countries. It considers a number of doctrinal and regulatory approaches to the understanding of doping and anti-doping rule violations and, accordingly, the importance of combating such phenomena. The article examines the provisions of international acts regulating the list of prohibited substances, doping testing, the application of sanctions for anti-doping rule violations, and formulates the conclusion on the need to improve the list of prohibited substances, which currently hinders the effectiveness of anti-doping measures. It focuses on the criminal law of Ukraine, Hungary, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Poland, Italy, and Spain, which provides for the criminal liability for doping, including its illegal production, trade, appointment, use, and forcing other persons to use it. The article describes the peculiarities of a unique approach to legal liability for doping in Austria and France, where the specified actions are regarded as fraud. The article establishes the necessity of introducing changes to Article 323 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to improve the fight against doping in Ukraine and the expediency of harmonizing the provisions of the national legislation of Ukraine and European states with the international rules in terms of the definition of doping and the list of prohibited substances.
The notion of governance is fundamental in the management of every given society, and for this to be realized, there is that need in placing powers in the hands of it's community for the proper enhancement of the community. In it's plight of achieving credible development and potential Justice system, there that need of the local Self-Government agencies to be fully involved in the well-being of the society. It is therefore in this light that this article is explore to study and compare international experience in the area of local self-government agencies functioning, providing propositions on its implementation in Ukraine. International experience in exercising the powers by local self-government agencies is analyzed; offers concerning its adaptation in Ukraine are given. It is noted that local self-government agencies constitute an important component of the functioning and development of any country, but their impact on ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the community, addressing their pressing issues is one that needs improvement. The positive aspect of decentralization is also due to the shift of a significant part of administrative powers from the center to municipalities and local communities in society, especially in its progressive part, there is a real chance to implement those changes, at least at the local level, which are extremely necessary for a long period of time. Conversely, if the central authorities are endowed with the maximum amount of power and imperative powers, while leaving local self-government agencies a fairly narrow amount of real power, the development tendencies of such a state will be mostly negative.
The work aims to analyse the activities of business structures in the issue of quantitative analysis of communication policy, as quantitative is more common and allows assessing the various aspects of communication policy of an enterprise in quantitative units. The tendency formed in conducting the communication policy of business structures is a natural change of the process in a certain time series. The paper graphically presents the relationship among the fundamental aspects of trend formation: time, place, and action. The study allows each promising trend selected from the previous stage of communication policy analysis to assess the success of the factors contributing to the speed of its spread to build input data for grouping trends that will further form promising areas of innovative development of industrial enterprises.
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