The inhibition and eradication of oral biofilms is increasingly focused on the use of plant extracts as mouthwashes and toothpastes adjuvants. Here, we report on the chemical composition and the antibiofilm activity of 15 methanolic extracts of Iris species against both mono-(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) and multi-species oral biofilms (Streptococcus gordonii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii). The phytochemical profiles of Iris pallida s.l., Iris versicolor L., Iris lactea Pall., Iris carthaliniae Fomin, and Iris germanica were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) analysis, and a total of 180 compounds were identified among Iris species with (iso)flavonoid dominancy. I. pallida, I. versicolor, and I. germanica inhibited both the quorum sensing and adhesion during biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the extracts were less active against maturated biofilms. Of the five tested species, Iris pallida s.l. was the most effective at both inhibiting biofilm formation and disrupting existing biofilms, and the leaf extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect compared to the root and rhizome extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was excluded in human fibroblasts. The inhibition of bacterial adhesion significantly correlated with myristic acid content, and quorum sensing inhibition correlated with the 7-β-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one content. These findings could be useful for establishing an effective tool for the control of oral biofilms and thus dental diseases.

BACKGROUND The production and consumption of chicken has doubled in the last 17 years. Since slaughter yields range from 70 to 80%, during production various chicken waste residues are generated. One of these residues is waste created after the mechanical separation of chicken meat (W‐MSM). The goal of the circular economy is to manage this waste and transform it into a valuable product. RESULTS W‐MSM was subjected to hydrolysis by the proteolytic enzymes pepsin and papain to obtain bioactive compounds. Papain digestion resulted in several times higher yields of chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), peptides and amino acids in comparison with pepsin. The hydrolysis conditions were further optimized using the software Design Expert to evaluate the impact of added enzyme, buffer and duration of the hydrolysis. In addition, the scale‐up of this process was verified with 5 kg of W‐MSM and the obtained product contained approximately 77% (w/w) of peptides, 9% (w/w) of CS, 7% (w/w) of HA and 4% (w/w) of amino acids. CONCLUSIONS We tested and optimized the method for evaluating the direct waste from poultry processing and transformed it into a product containing bioactive compounds which can be utilized as an ingredient for improving the properties of feed. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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