The chemical composition of 42 samples of raw glass from the Komarov settlement on the Middle Dniester was studied by means of SEM-EDS, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. We singled out groups of colourless glass of Levantine and Egyptian origin, the chronology of which indicates that the workshop could be dated to the 4th – early 5th century. The data on the chemical composition of the raw glass do not confirm that glassmaking industry existed here in an earlier period, as was previously believed. The manufacturing in Komarov combines the use of high-quality perfectly decolourized raw glass with intensive use of cullet, which might point out either different levels of the glassware manufactured here, or selective recycling. The characteristic features of the workshop's raw glass supply are the absence of the HIMT glass and late spread of antimony-decolourized glass.
Эволюция образа Богородицы в польской литературе и лексические средства его создания Аннотация: В статье анализируются лексические средства создания образа Богородицы в произведениях польской литературы разного времени (XV-XX вв.). Отмеченные в отдельных произведениях особенности сравниваются между собой, указываются наиболее частотные приемы, приводятся статистические данные. На сновании проделанной работы делается вывод, с одной стороны, о развитии и усложнении образа (выдвижение на первый план семы 'мать', постепенный отрыв образа Божьей Матери от образа библейского, акцент на промежуточном положении Марии между миром людей и Богом) и появлении связанных с этим особенностей (безотносительное употребление лексемы matka, появление специальной лексемы Madonna для номинации изображений Марии, изменение функции портрета, увеличение количества метафор), с другой-о влиянии религиозной традиции на художественные произведения, о существовании традиционных формул и заимствовании устойчивых определений Марии из молитвенных текстов.
The chemical composition of a series of Eastern European enamels from the Bryansk hoard from the third century AD and other sites was studied using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) techniques. Red opaque glass is homogeneous compositionally, suggesting not only common manufacturing traditions but also identical types and sources of raw materials and, consequently, a single origin. The glass is made in the Roman tradition of enamelling, which appeared in the mid-first century AD, as was the case with orange glass. The difference in the lead content in glass of different colours, which determines the melting temperature, allows the reconstruction of polychrome enamelling techniques.
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