Organic crop production, whether for export or local consumption, is increasing to avoid the residual effects of synthetic herbicides in foods, soil, and water, toxicity to other nontarget organisms, and herbicide-resistant weed populations. Organic farmers consistently ranked weed management as one of their most important production problems. Therefore, a 2-year study was conducted under 15-year-old mandarin trees to compare the effects of rice straw mulch, cattail mulch, black plastic mulch, hand hoeing, cultivation, glyphosate, and unweeded control treatments on weed control, fruit yield, and fruit quality. The greatest control (94%–100%) of weeds occurred with the plastic mulch (200 or 150 μm) and three mulch layers of rice straw or cattail. Covering soil with cattail or rice straw mulch (two layers) gave 85% to 98% control of weeds. Uncontrolled weeds in the weedy control caused significant reduction in yield and fruit quality and decreased the yield/tree by 62% compared with hand hoe treatment. Plastic mulches of 200 and 150 μm, cattail (Cyprus articulatus L.) mulch (two or three layers) and two mulch layers of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw treatments significantly increased the fruit yield/tree by 24%, 18%, 20%, 11%, and 12% more than cultivation treatment, respectively, without significant differences among these superior treatments. Soil mulching with three layers of rice straw, cultivation, glyphosate, and 80-μm plastic mulch treatments caused a significant reduction in weed density and weed biomass, but gave lower yield than superior treatments. Total soluble solids of fruits was unaffected by any of the weed management strategies, whereas values of total acidity and vitamin C were significantly lower in the unwedded control than most weeded treatments. These results demonstrate that two layers of cattail or rice straw mulch could be used effectively for controlling weeds in citrus groves. Their effectiveness in controlling weeds may increase their use in agriculture systems with a concomitant decrease in the need for synthetic herbicides. Further studies are needed to evaluate their side effects on beneficial organisms, diseases, and insects.

Smart edible coating films can be used in food packaging.

The present study was conducted during 2015 and 2016 seasons on Le Conte pear fruits harvested at mature stage, to investigate the application of (10% w/v) Arabic Gum (AG), Jojoba oil (JO) and Moringa oil (MO) at the rate (100 %) alone on physical and chemical properties. Fruits stored at 0 ± 1°C and 85-90 % relative humidity (RH) for 105 days. A fruit sample of each treatment was taken out at the end of cold storage period and left at room temperature (23 ± 2°C) and 47% (RH) up to 7 days was examined for quality Assessments. Fruit physical properties (weight loss, decay percentages and fruit firmness "Lb/inch2") and fruit chemical properties (total soluble solids percentage and total acidity percentage were evaluated. The results obtained that, all treatments including control succeeded in preventing fruit decay percentage up to 30 days in the two seasons. It is worth mentioning that, Le Conte pear fruits were coated with MO with stands free from deterioration up to 75 days of cold storage period. Beside, fruits coated MO progress in reducing the percentages of weight loss and decay throw cold storage periods for 105 day. The rate of softening increased in fruits with increasing the storage time in both fruits coated and uncoated, but it was significantly declined in uncoated treatments. Moreover, JO coating was more effective in firmness retention compared to the other treatments. Followed by pear fruits was coating with MO and AG in this respect. Furthermore, all coated fruits enhancement fruit quality during storage periods. Finally, it can be concluded that coating Le Conte fruits by Moringa oil recorded successfully reduction in fruit weight loss, decay percentages, improving fruit quality and extended storage fruit life as well as stimulate marketing period (shelf life), also safe on environmental and human health.

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