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Hydroponics is crucial for providing feasible and economical alternatives when soils are not available for conventional farming. Scholars have raised questions regarding the ideal nutrient solution flow rate to increase the weight and height of hydroponic crops. This paper presents the turbulent kinetic energy distribution of the nutrient solution flow in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Its main objective is to determine the dynamics of nutrient solution flow. To conduct this study, a virtual NFT hydroponic system was modeled. To determine the turbulent kinetic energy distribution in the virtual NFT hydroponic system, we conducted a CFD analysis with different pipe diameters (3.5, 9.5, and 15.5 mm) and flow rates (0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 L min−1). The simulation results indicate that different pipe diameters and flow rates in NFT hydroponic systems vary the turbulent kinetic energy distribution of nutrient solution flow around plastic mesh pots.

The simple act of walking can occasionally cause ankle sprains. Traditionally, the rehabilitation of a sprained ankle involves physical therapy. Physical therapy is one of the health professions that help regain mobility through manual exercises. Aquatic therapy is one of the most potent water-based anti-inflammatory methods currently employed that increases local blood circulation, decreases pain and swelling, and promotes speedy healing. Several studies have demonstrated that ankle rehabilitation robots have immense potential in patients’ rehabilitation and recovery; however, these robots cannot be used underwater. This paper introduces the design, development, and control of a therapeutic robot incorporating aquatic therapy for ankle rehabilitation. Its primary objective is to design and control a one degree of freedom ankle rehabilitation robot that can be used in water and can recirculate hot water to simultaneously perform physical therapy and aquatic therapy. To conduct this study, an ankle rehabilitation robot was designed, modeled, developed, and controlled. The design and control techniques were evaluated by means of simulation and experimental results.