Level III, retrospective comparative study.

The aims of spinal deformity surgery are to achieve balance, relieve pain and prevent recurrence or worsening of the deformity.The main types of osteotomies are the Smith-Petersen osteotomy (SPO), pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), bone-disc-bone osteotomy (BDBO) and vertebral column resection (VCR), in order of increasing complexity.SPO is a posterior column osteotomy in which the posterior ligaments and the facet joints are removed and correction is performed through the disc space. A mobile anterior disc is essential. SPO is best in patients with +6-8 cm C7 plumbline. The amount of correction is 9.3° to 10.7°/level (1°/mm bone).PSO is a technique where the posterior elements and pedicles are removed. Then a triangular wedge through the pedicles is removed and the posterior spine is shortened using the anterior cortex as a hinge. The ideal candidates are patients with a severe sagittal imbalance. A single level osteotomy can produce 30° 40° of correction. A single level osteotomy may restore global sagittal balance by an average of 9 cm with an upper limit of 19 cm.BDBO is an osteotomy done above and below a disc level. A BDBO provides correction rates in the range of 35° to 60°. The main indications are deformities with the disc space as the apex and severe sagittal plane deformities.VCR is indicated for rigid multi-planar deformities, sharp angulated deformities, hemivertebra resections, resectable spinal tumours, post-traumatic deformities and spondyloptosis. The main indication for a VCR is fixed coronal plane deformity.The type of osteotomy must be chosen mainly according to the aetiology, type and apex of the deformity. One may start with SPOs and may gradually advance to complex osteotomies.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:73-82.DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160069

Backgrounds and Study Aim: To determine whether the limb length-to-body ratio in young basketball players (15-18 years) is different in comparison to those who do not play basketball, and to contribute to the hypothesis that those with which body type can be more successful in basketball . Materials and Methods: The measurements were performed on 42 individuals (29 boys, 13 girls) who have played basketball for at least three years and 41 individuals (31 boys, 10 girls) who did not play basketball. A standard form was prepared for these measurements and the measurements were made according to this form. The data were summarized using mean and standard deviation values, and their accordance with normal distribution was evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The t-test was used for evaluating the independent samples. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. The measurements were performed using a tape measure. Results: As a result of the measurements, the height/fa (forearm) ratio was 7.09 in non-basketball players and 6.71 in basketball players. The height/hl (hand length) ratio was 10.0 in non-basketball players and 9.06 in basketball players. The height /lll (lower limb length) ratio was 1.86 in non-basketball players and 1.73 in basketball players. The height /tl (thigh length) ratio was 3.28 in non-basketball players and 3.41 in basketball players. According to our findings, the ratio of forearm, hand, thigh and leg to body were increased in basketball players. There was no significant difference in terms of gender. Conclusion: Athletes possess anthropological and physiological characteristics specific to the sport in which they participate. In terms of limb length, there was an anthropometric difference between the young population who played basketball and the normal population.

Onychocryptosis, frequently termed ''ingrown toenail'' is a common foot problem in routine dermatology and orthopaedic clinical practice which leads to pain and disability. [1][2][3] Although the aetiology of ingrown toenail is not well understood various associated risk factors have been identified with the pathogenesis. 4 It is known that there is an association between hallux valgus angle (HVA) and ingrown toenail, it has been reported that increased HVA in the patients with ingrown toenail.The objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between the HVA and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) with the ingrown toenail. There were 121 female and 49 male patients in the case group and 68 female and 32 male in the control group. The mean age of the case group was 41.1 years and 41.1 years in control group. A statistically significant difference was found between the case and the control groups in terms of right HVA variable. In this article we found that IMA has an association with ingrown toenail, too. The Xrays of the feet should be performed to determine the susceptibility of the patients who are admitted to the hospital for ingrown toenail in order to prevent other toe ingrown toenail and for planning the treatment of the patients with ingrown toenail.

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