We present the first in-depth and large-scale study of misleading repurposing, in which a malicious user changes the identity of their social media account via, among other things, changes to the profile attributes in order to use the account for a new purpose while retaining their followers. We propose a definition for the behavior and a methodology that uses supervised learning on data mined from the Internet Archive's Twitter Stream Grab to flag repurposed accounts. We found over 100,000 accounts that may have been repurposed. Of those, 28% were removed from the platform after 2 years, thereby confirming their inauthenticity. We also characterize repurposed accounts and found that they are more likely to be repurposed after a period of inactivity and deleting old tweets. We also provide evidence that adversaries target accounts with high follower counts to repurpose, and some make them have high follower counts by participating in follow-back schemes. The results we present have implications for the security and integrity of social media platforms, for data science studies in how historical data is considered, and for society at large in how users can be deceived about the popularity of an opinion. The data and the code is available at https://github.com/tugrulz/MisleadingRepurposing.

Twitter allows users to change their screen name and other profile attributes, which allows a malicious user to change their account's identity or purpose while retaining their followers. We present the first large scale and principled study of this phenomenon of misleading account repurposing on Twitter. We analyze two large datasets to understand account repurposing. We find 3,500 repurposed accounts in the Twitter Elections Integrity Datasets. We also find more than 100,000 accounts that have more than 5,000 followers and were active in the first six months of 2020 using Twitter's 1% real-time sample. We analyze a series of common features of repurposed accounts that give us insight into the mechanics of repurposing and into how accounts can come to be repurposed. We also analyze three online markets that facilitate selling and buying Twitter accounts to better understand the effect that repurposing has on the Twitter account market. We provide the dataset of popular accounts that are flagged as repurposed by our framework.

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