The association of the selected SNPs with differential serum cytokine levels especially the cytokine imbalance points towards their potential causal role in the immune inflammatory pathogenic pathway of PCAD.

No abstract

A cytokine gene score has significant discriminatory ability and potential in the risk prediction of PCAD. Cytokine gene risk allele frequencies differ significantly between Pakistanis and Caucasians supporting the need to develop population-specific gene scores.

The usage of masks such as the N95 has increased exponentially worldwide. With the ever-increasing global rates of cardiovascular disease, it is vital that preventative measures are adopted to help tackle this crisis. N95 masks have been promoted as health prevention odysseys in the battle against viruses such as COVID-19. A systematic review was conducted on whether the N95 masks could help improve our cardiovascular health. Our data sources included PubMed, Medline and Scopus. Eleven studies met the eligibility criteria to be included in the review. N95 mask usage led to increased reports of dyspnoea, however, no significant effect was seen on blood pressure. N95 masks also showed improvement in aortic parameters. While encouraging results were yielded, further focussed studies on the use of N95 masks and the effect on various cardiovascular parameters would help strengthen the association.

, leading to dysfunctional coronary endothelium [4]. Samnegard et al. [5] demonstrated that the systemic concentrations of IL-18 and TNF alpha were higher in post myocardial patients as compared to the controls. Moreover, individuals with elevated levels of TNF alpha were at increased risk for acute myocardial infarction and CAD [6]. High sensitive C-reactive protein (hS CRP) is an established proinflammatory biomarker for the detection of individuals at a risk