The active ingredient of pepper spray is oleoresin capsicum. It is randomly diffused to polymodal nerve terminals, leading to opening of non-selective cationic channels and block neuronal transmission. The lower results of both Schirmer in unprotected group emphasize the importance of a protective Google glass around the eyes during exposal, serving as a barrier minimalizing the contact of the spray with the eyes. The combination of the low results and lack of symptoms could suggest that corneal reflex lacrimation in our subjects was not abundant enough. The findings of this study could not fully represent long term findings but it could be assumed that our findings could be indicative of the sensory denervation and alterations demonstrated in studies investigating the long term effects of oleoresin capsicum.

Objectives: Spina bifida is one of the most common congenital diseases in Turkey and around the world. Despite the developing diagnostic and therapeutic methods, abnormal ocular characteristicsin spina bifida patients are still quite common. We investigated the ocular characteristics of spina bifida patients with and without hydrocephalus. Methods: We included 37 patients who were previously referred to the Istanbul Bilim University, Department of Ophthalmology and already had computed tomography (CT) scans. We retrospectively investigated the patients' ophthalmologic findings (refractive errors, strabismus, and optic disc characteristics) and used their recent CT images to measure the Evans ratios (ERs), which indirectly reflect the grade of hydrocephalus. The patients were divided into three groups according to their ERs (ER ≤ 0.3, 0.3-0.5, and ≥ 0.5), and then the ocular characteristics of these groups were compared. In addition, the patients were divided into three groups according to their ages (≤ 1 year, 1-3 years, and ≥ 3 years), and the ERs and rates of refraction defects in these groups were compared. Results: There was no relationship between specific ocular characteristics and ER or between age and ER. However, refraction errors were observed more frequently as patient age increased. Conclusions: The degree of hydrocephalus does not affect the ocular characteristics of patients with spina bifida, but emmetropization may be deteriorated in these patients.

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How to cite / Atıf için: Şahin G, Karademir E, Temizsoylu O, Vural M, Güler C. Effect of neuropathy on pupillary response measured with infrared static pupillography in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Ethics Committee Approval: Local ethics committee approved the study protocol. Etik Kurul Onayı: Yerel etik kurul çalışma protokolünü onayladı.-Informed Consent: The authors stated that the written consent was obtained from the patients presented with images in the study. Hasta Onamı: Yazar çalışmada görüntüleri sunulan hastalardan yazılı onam alındığını ifade etmiştir.