IntroductionBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution which still remains endemic in some developing countries, causing devastating economic losses. Since it is transmissible to humans through direct contact with infected animals, consumption of their milk and dairy products, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols, it is considered a big threat for public health. At this point, the effect of Brucella infection on women's health and reproduction gains an extraordinary importance due to its potential harmful effects on female reproductive system and pregnancy. Therefore, in this report we aimed to review the available literature related to human brucellosis in order to characterize the basic microbiological features as well as the risk factors and clinical presentations of the disease and its complications related to various aspects of reproductive health. Materials and MethodsIn order to look for original articles, review articles, case series, case reports and editorials related to the effects of brucellosis on women's health and reproduction, various internet engines including PubMed, Up To Date, Google, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library were searched between February 2015 and June 2015. Directly or indirectly related information from 75 reports, the earliest reported in 1917 and the latest in 2015 were identified. The words used during the search process were "Brucella," "brucellosis, " "women's health, " "human pregnancy, " "human reproduction, " "abortion, " "preterm birth, " "intrauterine fetal demise, " and "intrauterine fetal death". Results General Features of Brucella Species and InfectionThe main pathogenic species worldwide are Brucella abortus (B. abortus), responsible for bovine brucellosis, Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis), the main etiologic agent of ovine and caprine brucellosis, and Brucella suis (B. suis), which has a wide host range, not being confined to swine (1). B. melitensis is responsible for the majority of human infections and is primarily food-borne. B. abortus and B. suis infections are generally sporadic and Brucella canis infections are the least common in humans and are generally laboratory-acquired (2,3). AbstractDue to its potential harmful effects on the general health and reproductive life of the women, in the light of available literature, it was aimed to review the effect of human brucellosis on women's health and reproduction. Data from 75 reports belonging to the years 1917 through 2015, obtained via a search on various internet sources by the words "Brucella", "brucellosis, " "women's health, " "human pregnancy, " "human reproduction, " "abortion, " "preterm birth, " "intrauterine fetal demise, " and "intrauterine fetal death" were used to characterize basic microbiological features together with the risk factors, clinical presentations and complications of the human brucellosis related to various aspects of reproductive well-being. A high rate of spontaneous abortion was a more consistent finding rather than high rates of preterm delivery and intra...