The review highlighted the complex aetiology of early childhood caries (ECC). Contemporary evidence suggests that potentially effective interventions should occur in the first 2 years of a child's life. Dental attendance before the age of 2 years is uncommon; however, contact with other health professionals is high. Primary care providers who have contact with children well before the age of the first dental visit may be well placed to offer anticipatory advice to reduce the incidence of ECC.

Episodic ataxias (EAs) are rare neurological channelopathies that are characterized by spells of imbalance and a lack of co-ordination. There are seven clinically recognized EAs and multiple isolated cases. Five disease-causing genes have been identified to date. We describe a novel form of autosomal dominant EA in a large three-generation Irish family. This form of EA presents in early childhood with periods of unsteadiness generalized weakness and slurred speech during an attack, which may be triggered by physical tiredness or stress. Linkage analysis undertaken in 13 related individuals identified a single disease locus (1p36.13-p34.3) with a LOD score of 3.29. Exome sequencing was performed. Following data analysis, which included presence/absence within the linkage peak, two candidate variants were identified. These are located in the HSPG2 and UBR4 genes. UBR4 is an ubiquitin ligase protein that is known to interact with calmodulin, a Ca 2 þ protein, in the cytoplasm. It also co-localizes with ITPR1 a calcium release channel that is a major determinant of mammal co-ordination. Although UBR4 is not an ion channel gene, the potential for disrupted Ca 2 þ control within neuronal cells highlights its potential for a role in this form of EA.

Financial access to and availability of healthy food options must be considered through a national policy cognisant of basic human needs for healthy living. This research provides evidence on the direct costs of healthy eating for policy and planning to ensure not only financial capacity but also to guarantee that affordable healthy food choices are physically available to all groups in society.

Management of the high rates of medical and psychiatric complications, including self-harm and suicide, associated with Anorexia Nervosa require regular clinical review. However, during the current pandemic, face to face clinical assessments carry the risk of infection and transmission in this vulnerable cohort already compromised by low weight and lowered immunity. This paper describes how one service has had to adapt usual care during the COVID-19 pandemic without contributing excessively to carer burden or compromising patient safety.