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and the boundary conditions C(0, t) = C, (x = 0 at the resist/stripper boundary) and C(X,~:,,, t) = 0 (x,, is the resist thickness)By choosing the stripper "front" in the polymer film to be at we eventually get x = , / -4 ~t log, (0.5)[A-41Since for NMP for x,, = 11,242 A, t = 7 s (i.e., the resist layer is stripped in 7 s) the diffusion coefficient can be evaluated fromx 2 D = -4t log, (0.5) Therefore, D = 1.5 X l o 7 A2/s.

Irrigation and poverty: The case of the Office du Niger in MaliSurveys were carried out in 2004 in the Office du Niger in Mali, to assess the contribution of irrigation schemes to poverty reduction. Results show that the situation is better in the Office du Niger than in any of the other rural areas in Mali, including the Ségou region. The investments in irrigation schemes have contributed to strong agricultural growth and a reduction in poverty amongst smallholder farmers. However, this positive effect is eroding because of the deterioration of production conditions, and a reduction in average size of fields due to a combination of population growth and a decrease in the area allocated to smallholders. New attributions are being granted to the private sector.

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