The aim of the current study is to investigate student biology teachers’ cognitive structures related to "diffusion" through the free word-association test and the drawing-writing technique. As the research design of the study, the qualitative research method was applied. The data were collected from 44 student biology teachers. The free word-association test and the drawing-writing technique were used as data collection instruments. The data were subject to content analysis and divided into categories through coding. In the analysis, the categories were formed and determined through the results of word-association test and drawing-writing test which were completed by the student biology teachers. With the help of these categories, the cognitive structures of student biology teachers were explained. The data collected through the study were divided into 8 categories (defining diffusion, diffusion environments, diffusion-forms of substance transfer, places and structures where diffusion occurs, substances in diffusion and their characteristics, importance of diffusion in plants, examples of diffusion and factors influencing diffusion speed). The common and dominant category in both assessment instruments is “defining diffusion”. On the other hand, it was determined that student biology teachers had alternative concepts related to diffusion. At the end of the article, comprehensive suggestions are presented on the subject.

Reproduction is among basic functions of living beings and one of elementary complex subjects of the biology course. This is complicated for learners to construct cognitive structures on the subject. The aim of the current study is to investigate pre-service biology teachers’ cognitive structures related to “reproduction” through the free word-association test and the drawing-writing technique. As the research design of the study, the qualitative research method was applied. The data were collected from pre-service biology teachers. The free word-association test and the drawing-writing technique were used as data collection instruments. The data were subject to content analysis and divided into categories through coding. With the help of these categories, the cognitive structures of pre-service biology teachers were explained. The data collected through the study were divided into 7 categories (structures required for reproduction, re-production in plants and sections, types of reproduction, insemination, reproduction-inheritance, defining reproduction and its importance, reproductive anatomy). In the categories obtained, it was determined that ample data could be collected using different assessment instruments. On the other hand, it was de- termined that pre-service biology teachers had alternative conceptions related to reproduction. It was observed that the pre-service teachers had imperfect cognitive structures regarding the subject of reproduction. Comprehensive suggestions related to the subject are presented at the end of this article.

ÖzBu çalışmada, süreç temelli yazma modellerinden biri olan 4+1 Planlı Yazma ve Değerlendirme Modeli'nin ortaokul 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin performans görevlerini yapmaya etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ön-son test kontrol gruplu deneysel modelin yanında nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden görüşme kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Ankara'da bulunan HBV Ortaokulunda öğrenim gören 164 8. sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada deney grubu öğrencilerinin yazma çalışmaları 4+1 PYDM'ye göre haftada iki saat olarak düzenlenmiş, kontrol grubu öğrencilerine ise Türkçe derslerinde geleneksel yazma çalışmaları yapılmıştır. 4+1 PYDM uygulama etkinlikleri 12 hafta sürmüştür. Araştırmada veri elde etmek için 4+1 PYDM Değerlendirme Ölçeği ile Yazılı Anlatım Tutum Ölçeğinin yanı sıra araştırmanın nitel bölümünde kullanılan tek soruluk görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; deney grubu öğrencilerinin ön test-son test planlı yazma becerileri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Deney ve kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin son test planlı yazma becerileri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olmadığı ancak yazma sürecinin planlama aşamasına ilişkin deney grubunun lehine anlamlı bir farkın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin ön test-son test planlı yazma becerileri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Deney ve kontrol grubu öğrencilerinin ön test-son test yazılı anlatım tutumları arasında anlamlı bir farkın olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Deney grubu öğrencilerinin 4+1 PYDM uygulamaları sonunda gerçekleştirilen bu yazma modeli ve yazılı anlatım ile ilgili görüşmeye göre; %76,8'inin çalışmayı kendisi için faydalı bulduğu, %12,1'inin çalışmayı kendisi için faydalı bulmadığı ve %10,9'unun kararsız kaldığı tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: 4+1 Planlı Yazma ve Değerlendirme Modeli, 8. sınıf öğrencileri, yazma tutumu, yazılı anlatım. Impact of 4+1 Planned Writing and Evaluation Model on Homework Preperation of 8 th Grade Students AbstractIn this study, impact of the 4+1 Planned Writing and Evaluation Model, which is one of the process based writing models, on 8 th class student's way of making their performance works was assessed. In the research, in addition to the pretest-posttest control group design, interview is used as a qualitative research method. Sample of the research is 164 8 th class students from HBV Secondary School located in Ankara. Lectures of the experimental group were arranged as 2 hours per week in accordance with the 4+1 PWEM, whereas writing studies of the control group were designed in line with the general writing expression applications of Turkish lesson. Experimental applications of 4+1 PWEM lasted 12 weeks. In 1 Doç.Dr. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, halitkaratay@gmail.com 2 Öğretmen, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, ozlemtokaksu@mynet.com

Objective: Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (GAS), which are responsible for most cases of acute bacterial tonsillopharyngitis, are transmitted from person to person and may rarely cause foodborne outbreaks. This study aims to report the epidemic caused by GAS in our hospital and to draw attention to the explosive outbreaks of the bacteria.Methods: Acute tonsillopharyngitis was seen in 201 of 450 hospital employees who ate in the hospital cafeteria on 4-5 June 2015. Results: GAS was detected in 106 (68%) of 157 cases and in 40 (63.5%) of 62 throat culture samples. The attack rate was 44.7%. The most suspected source of the outbreak was a food handler who had been showing signs of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis for six days, and perhaps the food prepared by these staff.Conclusion: It should not be forgotten that GAS can cause explosive outbreaks by infecting food through hand lesions or mouth secretions of food service personnel.