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The ascorbic acid contents of skin, plasma and urine were estimated in 12 vitiligo cases, one albino and 10 normal subjects. All the estimations were repeated after saturation with ascorbic acid. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to the ascorbic acid contents of their plasma or urine. The ascorbic acid level of vitiliginous skin was decreased; however, this difference just falls short of significance at the level P = 0-05. Further investigations with a larger group of patients are indicated.

Osteoporosis is a chronic disorder in both men and women, where it decreases the bone quality and quantity, which may lead to a fall in bone mass density. It mostly occurs because of reduced peak bone mass or excessive formation or resorption during bone remodeling. Various degradation products of bone collagen are pyridinoline (Pyr), deoxypyridinoline, N-terminal telopeptides, and hydroxyproline (Hyp), which are excreted in the urine. Among that, Hyp is a crucial biomarker used to correlate osteoporosis condition. An overview of all the biomarkers and the signed note of Hyp with different analytical methods are provided in the current piece of work. To quantify amounts in biological samples, various methods have been developed for Hyp analysis, such as the colorimetric technique, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and widely used high-performance liquid chromatography tests to detect the concentration of Hyp in different matrices. This review states the importance of biomarkers and Hyp's significance for detecting osteoporosis, clinical manifestation, and different analytical methods for Hyp. The study indicates that hydroxyproline is a unique biomarker used to detect osteoporosis. It is also showing the clinical manifestation of osteoporosis and discussed different analytical methods for hydroxyproline.

Background: The use of pedicle screw fixation for management of various spinal disorders has become popular worldwide in recent years. Pedicle screw fixations has implications in spinal fusion by transpedicular screw insertion to achieve stability in various spinal disorders such as, fractures, scoliosis, spondylosis thesis, tumours and iatrogenic or degenerative spinal instability. It is essential for the spine surgeon to have a comprehensive knowledge of the spinal morphometric dimensions since misplacement of the pedicle screw carries significant risk for the patient. It is challenging to perform pedicle screw fixation technically due to complex anatomy. Objective: To assess the lumbar pedicle morphometry in south Indian population based on CT scans. Materials and Methods: The present prospective observational study was carried out by the department of Orthopedics at JSS Medical College, Mysore from November 2018 to September 2020. A total of 100 patients who underwent Computed tomography of lumbar spine and Computed tomography abdomen and pelvis in JSS Hospital, Mysuru during the study period were included in the study. Results: The mean transverse pedicle Isthmus width was the least at L1 level (6.64mm) and highest at L s level (15.66mm). There was significant difference between male and female Vertebral Diameters.