Shorter dwell time, lower mean tilt, caudal migration and less caval wall penetration are positive predictors of successful IVC filter retrieval.

Although some sonographic features could favor a benign diagnosis, when a core biopsy yields the diagnosis of a papillary lesion, surgical excision is recommended to definitely exclude malignancy.

The viscosity obtained with chitosan and 3% STS permits better control during injection and longer vascular occlusion. These findings, combined with the intravascular neovascularization observed with CH0, led us to prefer the combination with STS.