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The performances of railway vehicles are heavily influenced by maintenance actions, whose scheduling has to be defined taking into account cost constraints, together with system dependability targets. For this reason, starting from the choices developed during the design phase, an effective maintenance plan should be dynamically customized to system behaviour during operiltion. The authors present in this paper a probabilistic approach based on Stochastic Petri Nets in order to effectively implement a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program, which fulfils the above mentioned requirements, and outline how such approach, utilized in jets, nuclear power generation and weapon systems industry, may be profitably used in the transportation field too. ISIE'97 -GuimarSes, Portugal IEEE Catalog Number: 97THS280